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• Q51823 subject Q7215415.
• Q51823 subject Q8447541.
• Q51823 subject Q8839919.
• Q51823 abstract "Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At low transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The method was developed to replace the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber without synchronization problems. SONET generic criteria are detailed in Telcordia Technologies Generic Requirements document GR-253-CORE. Generic criteria applicable to SONET and other transmission systems (e.g., asynchronous fiber optic systems or digital radio systems) are found in Telcordia GR-499-CORE.SONET and SDH, which are essentially the same, were originally designed to transport circuit mode communications (e.g., DS1, DS3) from a variety of different sources, but they were primarily designed to support real-time, uncompressed, circuit-switched voice encoded in PCM format. The primary difficulty in doing this prior to SONET/SDH was that the synchronization sources of these various circuits were different. This meant that each circuit was actually operating at a slightly different rate and with different phase. SONET/SDH allowed for the simultaneous transport of many different circuits of differing origin within a single framing protocol. SONET/SDH is not a communications protocol in itself, but a transport protocol.Due to SONET/SDH's essential protocol neutrality and transport-oriented features, SONET/SDH was the obvious choice for transporting the fixed length Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) frames also known as cells. It quickly evolved mapping structures and concatenated payload containers to transport ATM connections. In other words, for ATM (and eventually other protocols such as Ethernet), the internal complex structure previously used to transport circuit-oriented connections was removed and replaced with a large and concatenated frame (such as STS-3c) into which ATM cells, IP packets, or Ethernet frames are placed.Both SDH and SONET are widely used today: SONET in the United States and Canada, and SDH in the rest of the world. Although the SONET standards were developed before SDH, it is considered a variation of SDH because of SDH's greater worldwide market penetration.SONET is subdivided into four sublayer with some factor such as the path, line, section and physical layer.The SDH standard was originally defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and is formalized as International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standards G.707, G.783, G.784, and G.803. The SONET standard was defined by Telcordia and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard T1.105. which define the set of transmission formats and transmission rates above the 51.840 Mbit/s.".
• Q51823 thumbnail SDH_Racks.jpg?width=300.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink 21707.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink hr20031114_esum.pdf.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-253&.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-499&.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink RecordDetail.aspx?sku=ATIS-PP-0900119.01.2006.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink RecordDetail.aspx?sku=T1.105-2001.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink sifhom.htm.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink sonet.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink netspeeds.html.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink T-REC-G.707.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink T-REC-G.783.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink T-REC-G.803.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink sdh_pg_opt_tm_ae.pdf.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink sonet_pg_opt_tm_ae.pdf.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink SDH-SONET.html.
• Q51823 wikiPageExternalLink www.sonet.com.
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