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- Q45728 subject Q6832146.
- Q45728 subject Q8011507.
- Q45728 abstract "Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce steel. Since steel is difficult to manufacture due to its high melting point, normal fuels and furnaces were insufficient and the open hearth furnace was developed to overcome this difficulty. Compared to Bessemer steel, which it displaced, its main advantages were that it did not expose the steel to excessive nitrogen (which would cause the steel to become brittle), was easier to control, and it permitted the melting and refining of large amounts of scrap iron and steel.Open hearth furnace was first developed by German-born engineer Carl Wilhelm Siemens. In 1865, the French engineer Pierre-Émile Martin took out a license from Siemens and first applied his regenerative furnace for making steel. Their process was known as the Siemens-Martin process, and the furnace as an "open-hearth" furnace. Most open hearth furnaces were closed by the early 1990s, not least because of their slow operation, being replaced by the basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace.While arguably the first primitive open hearth furnace was the Catalan forge, invented in Spain in the 8th century, it is usual to confine the term to certain 19th-century and later steelmaking processes, thus excluding bloomeries (including the Catalan forge), finery forges, and puddling furnaces from its application.".
- Q45728 thumbnail Fotothek_df_n-34_0000203_Metallurge_für_Hüttentechnik.jpg?width=300.
- Q45728 wikiPageExternalLink books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64.
- Q45728 wikiPageExternalLink toolPreBlastFurnace.html.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q11427.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q133235.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q1344786.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q1501437.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q15318.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q16957.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q1709184.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q1759095.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q17985448.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q181485.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q183.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q189311.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q206033.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q218.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q2823342.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q2823346.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q334055.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q482090.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q5942501.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q62377.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q650993.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q6832146.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q734243.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q739339.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q773087.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q8011507.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q901785.
- Q45728 wikiPageWikiLink Q964257.
- Q45728 type Thing.
- Q45728 comment "Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce steel. Since steel is difficult to manufacture due to its high melting point, normal fuels and furnaces were insufficient and the open hearth furnace was developed to overcome this difficulty.".
- Q45728 label "Open hearth furnace".
- Q45728 depiction Fotothek_df_n-34_0000203_Metallurge_für_Hüttentechnik.jpg.