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- Q385009 subject Q8825103.
- Q385009 abstract "Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the TGF-beta superfamily that includes three different isoforms (TGF-beta 1-3) and many other signaling proteins produced by all white blood cell lineages. Activated TGF-beta complexes with other factors to form a serine/threonine kinase that activates a signaling cascade that leads to the transcription of its many target genes, functioning in differentiation, chemotaxis, proliferation, and activation of many immune cells.TGF-β is secreted by many cell types, including macrophages, in a latent form in which it is complexed with two other polypeptides, latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP) and latency-associated peptide (LAP). Serum proteinases such as plasmin catalyze the release of active TGF-β from the complex. This often occurs on the surface of macrophages where the latent TGF-β complex is bound to CD36 via its ligand, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). Inflammatory stimuli that activate macrophages enhance the release of active TGF-β by promoting the activation of plasmin. Macrophages can also endocytose IgG-bound latent TGF-β complexes that are secreted by plasma cells and then release active TGF-β into the extracellular fluid. Among its key functions is regulation of inflammatory processes, particularly in the gut. TGF-beta also plays a crucial role in stem cell differentiation as well as T-cell regulation and differentiation. As such, it is a highly researched cytokine in the fields of cancer, auto-immune diseases, and infectious disease.The TGF-beta superfamily includes endogenous growth inhibiting proteins; an increase in expression of TGF-beta oftens correlates with the malignancy of many cancers and a defect in the cellular growth inhibition response to TGF-beta. Its immuno-suppressive functions then come to dominate, contributing to oncogenesis. The disregulation of its immunosuppressive functions is also implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, although their effect is mediated by the environment of other cytokines present.".
- Q385009 wikiPageExternalLink do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=TGFB.
- Q385009 wikiPageExternalLink get_pathway?org_name=hsa&mapno=04350.
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- Q385009 wikiPageExternalLink tgfbetapathway.html.
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- Q385009 wikiPageExternalLink elisa-analysis-latent-tgf-%CE%B21.
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- Q385009 comment "Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the TGF-beta superfamily that includes three different isoforms (TGF-beta 1-3) and many other signaling proteins produced by all white blood cell lineages.".
- Q385009 label "Transforming growth factor beta".