Matches in DBpedia 2016-04 for { <http://wikidata.dbpedia.org/resource/Q205702> ?p ?o }
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- Q205702 abstract "An ion thruster is a form of electric propulsion used for spacecraft propulsion that creates thrust by accelerating ions with electricity. The term is strictly used to refer to gridded electrostatic ion thrusters, but may often more loosely be applied to all electric propulsion systems that accelerate plasma, since plasma consists of many ions.Ion thrusters are categorized by how they accelerate the ions, using either electrostatic or electromagnetic force. Electrostatic ion thrusters use the Coulomb force and accelerate the ions in the direction of the electric field. Electromagnetic ion thrusters use the Lorentz force to accelerate the ions. In either case, when an ion passes through an electrostatic grid engine, the potential difference of the electric field converts to the ion's kinetic energy.Ion thrusters have an input power spanning 1–7 kilowatts, exhaust velocity 20–50 kilometers per second, thrust 25–250 millinewtons and efficiency 65–80%.The Deep Space 1 spacecraft, powered by an ion thruster, changed velocity by 4300 m/s while consuming less than 74 kilograms of xenon. The Dawn spacecraft broke the record, reaching 10,000 m/s.Applications include control of the orientation and position of orbiting satellites (some satellites have dozens of low-power ion thrusters) and use as a main propulsion engine for low-mass robotic space vehicles (for example Deep Space 1 and Dawn).Ion thrusters are not the most promising type of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion (although in practice they have been more successful than others). The ion drive is comparable to a car that takes two days to accelerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour (0 to 27 m/s); a real ion engine's technical characteristics, and especially its thrust, are considerably inferior to its literary prototypes. Technical capabilities of the ion engine are limited by the space charge created by ions. This limits the thrust density (force per cross-sectional area of the engine). Ion thrusters create small thrust levels (for example the thrust of Deep Space 1's engine approximately equals the weight of one sheet of paper) compared to conventional chemical rockets, but achieve very high specific impulse, or propellant mass efficiency, by accelerating their exhaust to high speed. However, ion thrusters carry a fundamental price: the power imparted to the exhaust increases with the square of its velocity while thrust increases linearly. Chemical rockets, on the other hand, can provide high thrust, but are limited in total impulse by the small amount of energy that can be stored chemically in the propellants. Given the practical weight of suitable power sources, the accelerations given by ion thrusters are frequently less than one thousandth of standard gravity. However, since they operate as electric (or electrostatic) motors, a greater fraction of the input power is converted into kinetic exhaust power than in a chemical rocket. Chemical rockets operate as heat engines, hence Carnot's theorem bounds their possible exhaust velocity.Due to their relatively high power needs, given the specific power of power supplies and the requirement of an environment void of other ionized particles, ion thrust propulsion is currently only practical on spacecraft that have already reached space, and is unable to take vehicles from Earth to space. Spacecraft rely on conventional chemical rockets to initially reach orbit.".
- Q205702 thumbnail Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg?width=300.
- Q205702 wikiPageExternalLink p16.pdf.
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