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- Q17082521 subject Q8785098.
- Q17082521 abstract "The Space Transportation System (STS) was a proposed system of reusable manned space vehicles envisioned by NASA in 1969 to support extended operations beyond the Apollo program. (NASA appropriated the name for its Space Shuttle Program, the only component of the proposal to survive Congressional funding approval.) The purpose of the system was twofold: to reduce the cost of spaceflight by replacing the current method of launching "capsules" on expendable rockets with reusable spacecraft; and to support ambitious follow-on programs including permanent orbiting space stations around the Earth and Moon, and a human landing mission to Mars.In February 1969, President Richard Nixon appointed a Space Task Group headed by Vice President Spiro Agnew to recommend human space projects beyond Apollo. The group responded in September with the outline of the STS, and three different program levels of effort culminating with a human Mars landing by 1983 at the earliest, and by the end of the twentieth century at the latest. The system's major components consisted of: a permanent space station module designed for 6 to 12 occupants, in a 270-nautical-mile (500 km) Earth orbit, and as a permanent lunar orbit station. Modules could be combined in Earth orbit to create a 50 to 100 person permanent station. a chemically fueled low-Earth orbit (100-to-270-nautical-mile (190 to 500 km)) shuttle a chemically fueled space tug to move crew and equipment between Earth orbits (including geosynchronous), and which could be adapted for use as a lunar orbit-to-surface shuttle a nuclear-powered vehicle using the NERVA engine to ferry crew, spacecraft and supplies between low Earth orbit and lunar orbit, geosynchronous orbit, or to other planets in the solar system. The tug and ferry vehicles would be of a modular design, allowing them to be clustered and/or staged for large payloads or interplanetary missions. The system would be supported by permanent Earth and lunar orbital propellant depots. The Saturn V might still have been used as a heavy lift launch vehicle for the nuclear ferry and space station modules. A special "Mars Excursion Module" would be the only remaining vehicle necessary for a human Mars landing.As Apollo accomplished its objective of landing the first men on the Moon, political support for further manned space activities began to wane, which was reflected in unwillingness of the Congress to provide funding for most of these extended activities. Based on this, Nixon rejected all parts of the program except the Space Shuttle which inherited the STS name. As funded, the Shuttle was greatly scaled back from its planned degree of reusabliilty, and deferred in time. The Shuttle first flew in 1981, and was retired in 2011.A second part of the system, Space Station Freedom, was approved in the early 1980s and announced in 1984 by president Ronald Reagan. However, this also became politically unviable by 1993, and was replaced with the International Space Station, with substantial contribution by Russia. The ISS was completed in 2010.".
- Q17082521 wikiPageExternalLink five-options-for-nasas-future-1970.html.
- Q17082521 wikiPageExternalLink sp4221.htm.
- Q17082521 wikiPageExternalLink spacetug.htm.
- Q17082521 wikiPageExternalLink taskgrp.html.
- Q17082521 wikiPageExternalLink contents.htm.
- Q17082521 wikiPageExternalLink 19810065609_1981065609.pdf.
- Q17082521 wikiPageExternalLink five-options-for-nasas-future-1970.html.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q111.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q11222716.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q1161829.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q1211136.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q159.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q1775296.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q18154627.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q1958838.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q203433.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q23548.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q25271.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q25956.
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- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q46611.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q472251.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q48806.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q54363.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q663611.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q737107.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q7572496.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q8785098.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q906917.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q9588.
- Q17082521 wikiPageWikiLink Q9960.
- Q17082521 type Thing.
- Q17082521 comment "The Space Transportation System (STS) was a proposed system of reusable manned space vehicles envisioned by NASA in 1969 to support extended operations beyond the Apollo program.".
- Q17082521 label "Space Transportation System".
- Q17082521 seeAlso Q1958838.
- Q17082521 seeAlso Q737107.