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- Q16955401 subject Q8338070.
- Q16955401 subject Q8907126.
- Q16955401 abstract "The Canadian Shift is a chain shift of vowel sounds found primarily in Canadian English, but also possibly in some other dialects (for example, younger Pacific Northwest English). It was first described by Clarke, Elms and Youssef in 1995, based on impressionistic analysis. The shift is structurally identical to the movement of front vowels in the California Shift of California English; whether this a coincidence or not is not yet clear.The shift involves the lowering of the tongue in the front lax vowels /æ/ (the short-a of trap), /ɛ/ (the short-e of dress), and /ɪ/ (the short-i of kit).It is triggered by the cot–caught merger: /ɒ/ (as in cot) and /ɔ/ (as in caught) merge as [ɒ], a low back rounded vowel. As each space opens up, the next vowel along moves into it. Thus, the short a /æ/ retracts from a near-low front position to a low central position, with a quality similar to the vowel heard in Northern England [a]. The retraction of /æ/ was independently observed in Vancouver and is more advanced for Ontarians and women than for people from the Prairies or Atlantic Canada and men.However, scholars disagree on the behaviour of /ɛ/ and /ɪ/: According to Clarke et al. (1995), who impressionistically studied the speech of a few young Ontarians, /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ tend to lower in the direction of [æ] and [ɛ], respectively: hence, bet and bit tend to sound, respectively, like bat and bet as pronounced by a speaker without the shift. Labov et al. (2006), through acoustic analysis of 33 subjects from all over the country, noted a backward and downward movement of /ɛ/ in apparent time in all of Canada except the Atlantic Provinces. No movement of /ɪ/ was detected. Boberg (2005) considers the primary movement of /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ to be retraction, at least in Montreal. He studied a diverse range of English-speaking Montrealers, and found that younger speakers had a significantly retracted /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ compared with older speakers, but did not find that the vowels were significantly lower. A small group of young people from Ontario were also studied, and there too retraction was most evident. Under this scenario, a similar group of vowels (short front) are retracting in a parallel manner, with /ɛ/ and /ʌ/ approaching each other. Therefore, with Boberg’s results, bet approaches but remains different from but, and bit sounds different, but remains distinct. Hagiwara (2006), through acoustic analysis, noted that /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ do not seem to be lowered in Winnipeg, although the lowering and retraction of /æ/ has caused a redistribution of backness values for the front lax vowels. Sadlier-Brown and Tamminga (2008) studied a few speakers from Vancouver and Halifax, Nova Scotia, and found the shift to be active in Halifax as well, although not as advanced as in Vancouver. For these speakers, the movement of /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ in apparent time was diagonal, and Halifax had /æ/ diagonal movement too; in Vancouver, however, the retraction of /æ/ was not accompanied by lowering.Due to the Canadian Shift, the short-a and the short-o are shifted in opposite directions to that of the Northern Cities Shift, found across the border in the Inland Northern U.S., which is causing these two dialects to diverge: the Canadian short-a is very similar in quality to the Inland Northern short-o; for example, the production [maːp] would be recognized as map in Canada, but mop in the Inland North.".
- Q16955401 thumbnail Canadian_Vowel_Shift_according_to_Clarke_and_Boberg.svg?width=300.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q1026812.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q1364746.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q16567.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q16847649.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q17041575.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q18755171.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q2135.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q2141.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q24639.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q246972.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q36244.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q3868740.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q44676.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q5030868.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q5067965.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q7122582.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q7187297.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q7199273.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q740714.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q8338070.
- Q16955401 wikiPageWikiLink Q8907126.
- Q16955401 comment "The Canadian Shift is a chain shift of vowel sounds found primarily in Canadian English, but also possibly in some other dialects (for example, younger Pacific Northwest English). It was first described by Clarke, Elms and Youssef in 1995, based on impressionistic analysis.".
- Q16955401 label "Canadian Shift".
- Q16955401 depiction Canadian_Vowel_Shift_according_to_Clarke_and_Boberg.svg.