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- Q16840360 subject Q7036788.
- Q16840360 subject Q7038808.
- Q16840360 abstract "Main information about ancient artillery comes from the five surviving Greek and Roman sources: two treatises by Heron of Alexandria, Belopoeika and Cheiroballistra, and from the books by Biton of Pergamon, Philo of Byzantium and VitruviusAncient artillery consisted of elasticity-driven devices for shooting projectiles (arrows, bolts, stones etc.) which evolved from the composite bow.The earliest artillery pieces, like gastraphetes, were driven by a composite bow. According to Marsden's analysis of ancient sources, they were invented in Syracuse in 399 BC, when tyrant Dionysius I gathered there an assembly of expert craftsmen to conduct a research on new armament. XVI.41.1-3. . Diodorus says that these were the first catapults, and describes the impression new weapons made during the siege of Motya by Dionisius.These catapults were arrow shooting and it is conjectured that they were powered by a composite bow.More powerful pieces were driven by torsion of a spring made of an appropriate organic material, usually sinew or hair, human or horse. Torsion-powered pieces were probably invented in Macedonia, shortly before the times of Alexander III.According to Philo, Ctesibius experimented with metal springs and pneumatically powered machines, but there is no record of their actual use, because metal springs were not sufficiently resilient at that time. In the Middle Age, metal springs were successively used in crossbows.The stone-throwing machines were torsion-powered, and their first recorded use is in the siege of Tyre by Alexander.Torsion artillery reached its highest development in the Hellenistic period, probably at the time of Demetrius Polyorcetes. No improvement, except in details, was ever made upon the catapults of Demetrius.The Romans obtained their knowledge from the Greeks, and employed the Greek specialists.Torsion artillery was used until after the spread of gunpowder.".
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- Q16840360 wikiPageWikiLink Q7036788.
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- Q16840360 comment "Main information about ancient artillery comes from the five surviving Greek and Roman sources: two treatises by Heron of Alexandria, Belopoeika and Cheiroballistra, and from the books by Biton of Pergamon, Philo of Byzantium and VitruviusAncient artillery consisted of elasticity-driven devices for shooting projectiles (arrows, bolts, stones etc.) which evolved from the composite bow.The earliest artillery pieces, like gastraphetes, were driven by a composite bow.".
- Q16840360 label "Greek and Roman artillery".