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- Q13581279 subject Q11141617.
- Q13581279 subject Q15178407.
- Q13581279 subject Q7025478.
- Q13581279 subject Q8095029.
- Q13581279 subject Q8361586.
- Q13581279 subject Q8361823.
- Q13581279 subject Q8398400.
- Q13581279 subject Q8398471.
- Q13581279 subject Q8518600.
- Q13581279 subject Q8786728.
- Q13581279 subject Q9423976.
- Q13581279 abstract "The Luso-Chinese agreement of 1554 (Portuguese: Acordo Luso-Chinês de 1554) was a trade agreement between the Portuguese headed by Leonel de Sousa, and the authorities of Guangzhou headed by the Provincial Admiral (海道副使; haitao in European sources) Wang Bo (汪柏), which allowed for the legalization of Portuguese trade in China by paying taxes. It opened a new era in Sino-Portuguese relations, as Portuguese were then officially barred from trading in the region. In 1517 an embassy led by Fernão Pires de Andrade to the Ming court failed and, after conflicts in 1521 and 1522, trade was conducted as smuggling and was fought by the authorities, who considered Portuguese to be "Folangji" (Frankish) pirates.Leonel de Sousa, Captain-Major of the voyage to Japan, had reached the coast of Guangdong in 1552, where he learned that all foreigners could trade through the payment of taxes to the Chinese, except the "Folanji" including Portuguese, then considered as pirates. He then asked that they comply with the assumptions of peace and payment of taxes, pledging to change this "name".In 1554 Leonel de Sousa made an agreement with Guangzhou's officials to legalize the Portuguese trade, on condition of paying certain customs duties. The single surviving written evidence of this agreement is a letter from Leonel de Sousa to Infante Louis, king John III's brother, dated 1556, which states that the Portuguese undertook to pay the fees and were not to erect fortifications. The letter, one of the most important documents in the history of Sino-Portuguese relations, describes the protracted negotiations with the haitao Wang Bo, identified in Chinese sources as having accepted a bribe from the Portuguese to dry their cargo and pay taxes in Guangzhou. Both sides were available to find a solution, as the port of Guangzhou was also facing a depletion since it was closed to foreign trade. Leonel de Sousa tried to negotiate only 10% of fees, to what Wang Bo countered the mandatory 20%, but focusing only on half the cargoes, to which Leonel de Sousa agreed. This treaty would be followed by the recognition of Macau as an official Portuguese warehouse in 1557. Leonel de Sousa became the second Captain-Major of Macau in 1558 (the equivalent of the later governor of Macau).".
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q11141617.
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- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q1396226.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q148.
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- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q15178407.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q16572.
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- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q3916279.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q45.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q45393.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q5100262.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q5452540.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q601401.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q7025478.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q7443119.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q8095029.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q8361586.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q8361823.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q8398400.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q8398471.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q8518600.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q8786728.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q907213.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q9423976.
- Q13581279 wikiPageWikiLink Q9903.
- Q13581279 comment "The Luso-Chinese agreement of 1554 (Portuguese: Acordo Luso-Chinês de 1554) was a trade agreement between the Portuguese headed by Leonel de Sousa, and the authorities of Guangzhou headed by the Provincial Admiral (海道副使; haitao in European sources) Wang Bo (汪柏), which allowed for the legalization of Portuguese trade in China by paying taxes. It opened a new era in Sino-Portuguese relations, as Portuguese were then officially barred from trading in the region.".
- Q13581279 label "Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)".