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- 604423 author "Makdisi, George".
- 604423 date "April–June 1989".
- 604423 doi "10.2307/604423".
- 604423 first "George".
- 604423 isCitedBy Early_Islamic_philosophy.
- 604423 isCitedBy Fatwa.
- 604423 isCitedBy Humanism.
- 604423 isCitedBy Ijazah.
- 604423 isCitedBy Islam.
- 604423 isCitedBy Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe.
- 604423 isCitedBy Islamic_democracy.
- 604423 isCitedBy List_of_national_legal_systems.
- 604423 isCitedBy List_of_the_oldest_madrasahs_in_continuous_operation_in_the_Muslim_world.
- 604423 isCitedBy Madrasa.
- 604423 isCitedBy Political_aspects_of_Islam.
- 604423 isCitedBy Professor.
- 604423 isCitedBy Religious_humanism.
- 604423 isCitedBy Sharia.
- 604423 isCitedBy Timbuktu.
- 604423 isCitedBy Ulama.
- 604423 isCitedBy University.
- 604423 issue "2".
- 604423 journal Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society.
- 604423 journal "Journal of the American Oriental Society".
- 604423 jstor "604423".
- 604423 last "Makdisi".
- 604423 pages "175–182 [175–77]".
- 604423 pages "175–182 [176]".
- 604423 pages "175–182".
- 604423 postscript ".".
- 604423 publisher "American Oriental Society".
- 604423 publisher "Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, No. 2".
- 604423 quote "I hope to show how the Islamic doctorate had its influence on Western scholarship, as well as on the Christian religion, creating there a problem still with us today. [...] As you know, the term doctorate comes from the Latin docere, meaning to teach; and the term for this academic degree in medieval Latin was licentia docendi, "the license to teach." This term is the word for word translation of the original Arabic term, ijazat attadris. In the classical period of Islam's system of education, these two words were only part of the term; the full term included wa I-ifttd, meaning, in addition to the license to teach, a "license to issue legal opinions." [...] The doctorate came into existence after the ninth century Inquisition in Islam. It had not existed before, in Islam or anywhere else. [...] But the influence of the Islamic doctorate extended well beyond the scholarly culture of the university system. Through that very system it modified the millennial magisterium of the Christian Church. [...] Just as Greek non-theistic thought was an intrusive element in Islam, the individualistic Islamic doctorate, originally created to provide machinery for the Traditionalist determination of Islamic orthodoxy, proved to be an intrusive element in hierarchical Christianity. In classical Islam the doctorate consisted of two main constituent elements: competence, i.e., knowledge and skill as a scholar of the law; and authority, i.e., the exclusive and autonomous right, the jurisdictional authority, to issue opinions having the value of orthodoxy, an authority known in the Christian Church as the magisterium. [...] For both systems of education, in classical Islam and the Christian West, the doctorate was the end-product of the school exercise, with this difference, however, that whereas in the Western system the doctorate at first merely meant competence, in Islam it meant also the jurisdictional magisterium.".
- 604423 quote "There was no other doctorate in any other field, no license to teach a field, except that of the religious law. To obtain a doctorate, one had to study in a guild school of law.".
- 604423 ref "harv".
- 604423 title "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West".
- 604423 volume "109".