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- Systems_of_inheritance_among_various_peoples abstract "Systems of inheritance among various peoples describes the various systems that has come into life to fit the best needs for various people in their unique environment and challenges.Below are described various historical systems of inheritance around the world:According to Islamic inheritance jurisprudence, sons inherit twice as much as daughters. The complete laws governing inheritance in Islam are complicated and take into account many kinship relations, but in principle males inherit twice as much as females with some exceptions. However, the Indonesian Minangkabau people (from western Sumatra), despite being Muslim, employ only complete matrilineal succession with property and land passing down from mother to daughter.Among ancient Israelites, the father bequeaths his inheritance to his sons (daughters inherit in the absence of sons). The eldest son received twice as much as the other sons. The father gives his name to his children; for example: the sons of Israel are called Israelites, because the land belonged to the father, and every one of his twelve sons gave his name to his descendants. Example: the sons of Judah are called Yehudi (which is translated into Latin as Judaeus and into English as Jew.)In Galicia (Spain) it was typical that all children (both men and women) had a part of the inheritance, but one child (the one who inherited the house and a larger share of the land) inherited one-third of all the inheritance. This child was called the mellorado (literally, \"improved upon\"). In some villages the mellorado even received two-thirds of all the inheritance. This two-thirds would be all the family's lands, while other children received their part in money. In Galicia's coastal areas, the youngest daughter was often the privileged inheritor, while in Galicia's inner areas the privileged inheritor was often the eldest son. Male primogeniture was also common among peasants in Asturias, Cantabria, Catalonia, Huesca and other minor zones of Aragon, and parts of the Balearic Islands and Valencia. Peasants in the rest of the country divided the inheritance between all children (the aristocracy employed patrilineal primogeniture -mayorazgo-).In Sweden, from the thirteenth century until the nineteenth century, sons inherited twice as much as daughters. This rule was introduced by the Regent Birger Jarl. Even after the introduction of these laws, however, the eldest son still usually inherited the land of his parents in exchange for taking care of them in their old age (predominance of patrilineal primogeniture). His siblings received only monetary compensation for giving up their claims on the family land.Among Polish peasants, male primogeniture became the most common practice after the 15th century, but there was high regional variation. This diversity continued in later times, fostered by the influence of neighbouring countries with different family systems. The Polish pattern of male primogeniture held most strongly in the core, central parts of the country, as well as in Little Poland, but in peripheral areas different family forms prevailed. In the west Polish areas, male ultimogeniture prevailed.In Lowland Laos, inheritance is often bilateral or matrilineal, but in Highland Laos, inheritance is patrilineal and the eldest son is often the main heir; his brothers receive only minor sharesIn Pre-colonial Myanmar, inheritance customs among the Bamar or Burmese, who inhabit the Irrawaddy valley, generally followed patrilineal primogeniture: the eldest son, having the special position known as oratha, often received the largest share of the property. However, the Kachin people, who inhabit the northern parts of the country, are famous in the Anthropological field for their complicated but highly structured social system that, if strictly followed, would result in patrilineal ultimogeniture in the inheritance of land and patrilineal primogeniture in the inheritance of moveable property.Pre-revolutionary France is an excellent example of a culture where inheritance customs can be very diverse. Although patrilineal primogeniture prevailed among the nobility, as in most other European countries, with respect to plebeian custom there were two general patterns: in the southern half of the country, where testamentary freedom was allowed, a system of \"stem\" families and patrilineal primogeniture developed from the beginning of the sixteenth century onwards, while in the northern half, where inheritance processes were fixed by law, a system of \"nuclear\" families and relatively egalitarian inheritance emerged. However, within these two regional patterns there was high local variation, and historians and sociologists often disagree about the details of the different family forms. Focusing only on the Pyrenees, for example, in its western parts primogeniture regardless of sex prevailed in the French Basque Country, while in Bearn, male primogeniture predominated. In the central Pyrenees, primogeniture regardless of sex predominated in Lavedan and Bareges, while in the Luchonnais, the Baronnies and Bigorre, male primogeniture was the dominant practice. In Aude, male primogeniture also predominated. In other southern French regions (Dauphiné, MIDI, Languedoc Aquitaine, Savoy, the Dauphiné and Provence) there was a more homogeneous pattern of male primogeniture, but in western Cantal, a daughter was often preferred as inheritor and in some areas, most strongly in Limousin and Auvergne, joint families coexisted (as a minority form) with stem families and male primogeniture. In the coastal (but not in the mountainous) areas of Provence, too, property was usually inherited by all sons and joint and nuclear families were numerous. In Brittany, a region in the northwest, local variation in peasant inheritance customs was also high: stem families with male primogeniture prevailed in Leon and inner Vannetais, while in Cornouaille no single inheritance custom prevailed, though stem families predominated. In the rest of the region nuclear families were prevalent, but inheritance was often inegalitarian and favored the eldest son, though in some parts (Tregor and some other areas) the youngest son was favored. Nuclear families with male primogeniture, as in the case of England, were also common in the neighbouring Loire provinces, as well as Normandy, suggesting a common historical origin for this family form (Normans and the Angevin dynasty, that also ruled England during a long period, had their origins in this part of France) Variation was extreme in Poitou-Charentes, where all family types (stem, nuclear and joint) could be found. The rest of the north, save for a few regions where male primogeniture prevailed (mainly Alsace, the Reims region, Picardy, Nord-Pas de Calais, Berry, the Bourbonnais and the area around Verdun) was dominated by nuclear families and relatively egalitarian inheritance practices. In some of the aforementioned regions of Northern France where male primogeniture prevailed (namely Picardy, Nord-Pas de Calais and Alsace), male ultimogeniture prevailed in some places.In Vietnam, male primogeniture has been predominant since the time of the Lê dynasty as a result of Sinicization and Confucianization. However, in some places, parents live with the youngest son or the youngest daughter and the inheritance is split into equal parts for each of the children.In Norway, male primogeniture traditionally predominated, probably even since the Viking Age. (this was the theory endorsed by the Norwegian historian Andreas Holmsen, among others). However, in the northernmost part of the country (northern Troms and Finnmark), where the Lapp (also called Sami) people lived, male primogeniture prevailed among Norwegian families, while male ultimogeniture prevailed among Sami familiesIn Nigeria, an extensive survey across 18 diverse states conducted by the Women’s Rights Project of the Civil Liberties Organization between 1995-1997 revealed that 37 percent of the people practiced patrilineal primogeniture (inheritance by the eldest son), while 51 percent divided the inheritance between all sons or children. Male primogeniture historically prevailed among some peoples like the Ibibio, the Edo or Bini, the Isoko or the Mumuye, while some others like the Fulani (also called Fulbe) or the Yoruba historically divided the property between all sons or children.Inheritance customs can also differ greatly by social class. In Pre-industrial England, the nobility and the gentry were characterized by their strict adherence to male primogeniture; among peasants, however, there was no clearly prevalent inheritance pattern. In Wales, some argue that since the early 16th century male primogeniture prevailed among freeholders and the gentry, who were most of the population in the Welsh upland areas, where stem families predominated, while male ultimogeniture was predominant among copyholders, who were most of the population in the lowland anglicized areas, where absolute nuclear families predominated. In Cornwall, free holdings and free and unfree conventionary holdings descended to the eldest son, so male primogeniture was the most common practice among both aristocrats and peasants; however, a few, very poor holdings called \"nativi de stipite\" descended to the youngest son (male ultimogeniture). Not even among the aristocracy inheritance practices have been uniform across the world, though; among Austronesian peoples, for example, Malay and Merina aristocrats practiced male primogeniture, while male ultimogeniture was the custom among Bugi and Makassarese nobles.Inheritance customs can also change greatly over time. Among Bohemian peasants, for example, male ultimogeniture prevailed during the 18th century, but during the 19th century, male primogeniture was predominant In fact, choosing a son as single-heir didn't become predominant among peasants in this region until the 18th centuryScholars may often disagree about traditional inheritance patterns. In the case of Ireland, for example, some argue that the heir could be any son, as in the famous study of County Clare done by Arensberg and Kimball (1940) Others, however, argue that the election of an heir wasn't random and that the eldest son was the heir in most cases Some have adopted an intermediate view, arguing that primogeniture was the dominant practice, but it wasn't rigidly in force Although neither gender, nor birth order were decisive factors in the election of an inheritor among Spanish Basques, in some areas male primogeniture was usually followedIn Belgium, inheritance among peasants was patrilineal: daughters could inherit only in the absence of sons. However, in some regions all sons inherited, while in others (Principality of Liege, Duchy of Limburg, county of Loon), male primogeniture prevailed, and in others (Brabant, Fauquemont) male ultimogeniture prevailed. Male primogeniture also prevailed in Luxembourg, and in the department of Nord (France), customs of ultimogeniture and primogeniture were also common. In the Netherlands, the Saxon system of stem families and single-heirship revailed among peasants in inner areas. Official surveys demonstrated that the inheritor could be either the eldest son or the last marrying child, often the youngest. Peasants in the coastal areas, by contrast, followed no fixed inheritance pattern. Dutch elites followed patrilineal primogeniture.In Portugal, social elites practiced male primogeniture, while peasants divided their land between all children except in the Northwest part of the country, where male primogeniture also prevailed among them.↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 12.0 12.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 60.0 60.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 71.0 71.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 78.0 78.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑".
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- Systems_of_inheritance_among_various_peoples wikiPageWikiLink Category:Inheritance.
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- Systems_of_inheritance_among_various_peoples wikiPageWikiLink Forced_heirship.
- Systems_of_inheritance_among_various_peoples wikiPageWikiLink France.
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