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- Reconstruction_Amendments abstract "The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War. The amendments were important in implementing the Reconstruction of the American South after the war. Their proponents saw them as transforming the United States from a country that was (in Abraham Lincoln's words) \"half slave and half free\" to one in which the constitutionally guaranteed \"blessings of liberty\" would be extended to the entire populace, including the former slaves and their descendants.The Thirteenth Amendment (proposed and ratified in 1865) abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment (proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868) created the privileges and immunities clause, applicable to all citizens; and made the due process and equal protection clauses applicable to all persons. The Fifteenth Amendment, (proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870) prohibits discrimination in voting rights of citizens on the basis of \"race, color, or previous condition of servitude.\" This amendment did not include a specific prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sex; it took another amendment—the Nineteenth, ratified in 1920—to prohibit such discrimination explicitly. Men and women of all races, regardless of prior slavery, could vote in some states of the early United States, such as New Jersey, provided that they could meet other requirements, such as property ownership.These amendments were intended to guarantee freedom to former slaves and to establish and prevent discrimination in civil rights to former slaves and all citizens of the United States. The promise of these amendments was eroded by state laws and federal court decisions over the course of the 19th century. Women were prohibited by some state constitutions and laws from voting, leading to Susan B. Anthony attempting to vote in New York in the 1872 Presidential election as an act of civil disobedience. In 1876 and later, some states passed Jim Crow laws that limited the rights of African-Americans. Important Supreme Court decisions that undermined these amendments were the Slaughter-House Cases in 1873, which prevented rights guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment's privileges or immunities clause from being extended to rights under state law; and Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 which originated the phrase \"separate but equal\" and gave federal approval to Jim Crow laws. The full benefits of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments were not realized until the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.".
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- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageRevisionID "706291766".
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Abraham_Lincoln.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Adamson_v._California.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Adkins_v._Childrens_Hospital.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Afroyim_v._Rusk.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Allgeyer_v._Louisiana.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink American_Civil_War.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Apportionment_(politics).
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink BMW_of_North_America,_Inc._v._Gore.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Baker_v._Carr.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Ballot_access.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Barron_v._Baltimore.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Benton_v._Maryland.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Berea_College_v._Kentucky.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Black_Codes_(United_States).
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Black_suffrage.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Brown_v._Board_of_Education.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Buchanan_v._Warley.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Bush_v._Gore.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Category:Amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Category:Political_history_of_the_American_Civil_War.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Category:Reconstruction_Era.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Category:United_States_slavery_law.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Chicago,_Burlington_&_Quincy_Railroad_Co._v._City_of_Chicago.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Citizenship_Clause.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink City_of_Boerne_v._Flores.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Civil_Rights_Cases.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Colored.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Corwin_Amendment.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Crandall_v._Nevada.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Crittenden_Compromise.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Debt_bondage.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Direct_tax.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Dred_Scott_v._Sandford.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Due_Process_Clause.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Due_process.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Duncan_v._Louisiana.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Elk_v._Wilkins.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Emancipation_Proclamation.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Equal_Protection_Clause.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Examining_Board_v._Flores_de_Otero.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink File:Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board_v._College_Savings_Bank.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Forty_acres_and_a_mule.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Freedman.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Freedmens_Bureau.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Furman_v._Georgia.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Gideon_v._Wainwright.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Gitlow_v._New_York.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Goldberg_v._Kelly.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Goss_v._Lopez.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Grandfather_clause.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Gregg_v._Georgia.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Griswold_v._Connecticut.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Guinn_v._United_States.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Hernandez_v._Texas.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Hurtado_v._California.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Involuntary_servitude.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Jim_Crow_laws.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Jurisdiction.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Katzenbach_v._Morgan.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Kimel_v._Florida_Board_of_Regents.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Korematsu_v._United_States.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Ku_Klux_Klan.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Lawrence_v._Texas.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Literacy_test.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Lochner_v._New_York.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Loving_v._Virginia.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Lynching.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Malloy_v._Hogan.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Mapp_v._Ohio.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Maxwell_v._Dow.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink McDonald_v._City_of_Chicago.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Meyer_v._Nebraska.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Mississippi_University_for_Women_v._Hogan.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Mugler_v._Kansas.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Muller_v._Oregon.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Munn_v._Illinois.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink National_Archives_and_Records_Administration.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink National_Freedom_Day.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Nebbia_v._New_York.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Nevada_Department_of_Human_Resources_v._Hibbs.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink OConnor_v._Donaldson.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Oyama_v._California.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Palko_v._Connecticut.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom.
- Reconstruction_Amendments wikiPageWikiLink Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters.