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- Rate_of_evolution abstract "The rate of evolution is a variable of considerable interest in evolutionary biology. It concerns the limits of adaptation to natural environments as well as the limits of artificial selection.Humans have created a wide range of new species, and varieties within those species, of both domesticated animals and plants. This has been achieved in a very short geological period of time, spanning only a few tens of thousands of years, and sometimes less. Maize, Zea mays, for instance, is estimated to have been created in what is now known as Mexico in only a few thousand years, starting between about 7 000 and 12 000 years ago, from still uncertain origins. In the light of this extraordinarily rapid rate of evolution, through (prehistoric) artificial selection, George C. Williams and others, have remarked the following:The question of evolutionary change in relation to available geological time is indeed a serious theoretical challenge, but the reasons are exactly the opposite of that inspired by most people’s intuition. Organisms in general have not done nearly as much evolving as we should reasonably expect. Long term rates of change, even in lineages of unusual rapid evolution, are almost always far slower than they theoretically could be. The basis for such expectation is to be found most clearly in observed rates of evolution under artificial selection, along with the often high rates of change in environmental conditions that must imply rapid change in intensity and direction of selection in nature.Evolution is imposed on species or groups. It is not planned or striven for in some Lamarckist way. The mutations on which the process depends are random events, and, except for the \"silent mutations\" which do not affect the functionality or appearance of the carrier, are thus usually disadvantageous, and their chance of proving to be useful in the future is vanishingly small. Therefore, while a species or group might benefit from being able to adapt to a new environment by accumulating a wide range of genetic variation, this is to the detriment of the individuals who have to carry these mutations until a small, unpredictable minority of them ultimately contributes to such an adaptation. Thus, the capability to evolve is a group adaptation, a concept discredited by (for example) George C. Williams, John Maynard Smith and Richard Dawkins as selectively disadvantageous to the individual..If sexual creatures avoid mates with strange or unusual characteristics, in the process called koinophilia, then mutations that affect the external appearance of their carriers will seldom be passed on to the next and subsequent generations. They will therefore seldom be tested by natural selection. Evolution is, therefore, effectively halted or slowed down considerably. The only mutations that can accumulate in a population are ones that have no noticeable effect on the outward appearance and functionality of their bearers (i.e., they are \"silent\" or \"neutral mutations\", which can be, and are, used to trace the relatedness and age of populations and species.)This implies that evolution can only occur if mutant mates cannot be avoided, as a result of a severe scarcity of potential mates. This is most likely to occur in small, isolated communities. These occur most commonly on small islands, in remote valleys, lakes, river systems, or caves, or during the aftermath of a mass extinction. Under these circumstances, not only is the choice of mates severely restricted but population bottlenecks, founder effects, genetic drift and inbreeding cause rapid, random changes in the isolated population's genetic composition. Furthermore, hybridization with a related species trapped in the same isolate might introduce additional genetic changes. If an isolated population such as this survives its genetic upheavals, and subsequently expands into an unoccupied niche, or into a niche in which it has an advantage over its competitors, a new species, or subspecies, will have come in being. In geological terms this will be an abrupt event. A resumption of avoiding mutant mates will, thereafter, result, once again, in evolutionary stagnation.Thus the fossil record of an evolutionary progression typically consists of species that suddenly appear, and ultimately disappear, in many cases close to a million years later, without any change in external appearance. Graphically, these fossil species are represented by horizontal lines, whose lengths depict how long each of them existed. The horizontality of the lines illustrates the unchanging appearance of each of the fossil species depicted on the graph. During each species' existence new species appear at random intervals, each also lasting many hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing without a change in appearance. The exact relatedness of these concurrent species is generally impossible to determine. This is illustrated in the following diagram depicting the evolution of modern humans from the time that the Hominins separated from the line that led to the evolution of our closest living primate relatives, the chimpanzees.For similar evolutionary time lines see, for instance, the paleontological list of African dinosaurs, Asian dinosaurs, the Lampriformes and Amiiformes.".
- Rate_of_evolution thumbnail Maize-teosinte.jpg?width=300.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageID "46459712".
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageLength "12011".
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageOutDegree "42".
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageRevisionID "691797637".
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Amiiformes.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Brassica_oleracea.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Category:Rate_of_evolution.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Cauliflower.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Evolutionary_biology.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Extinction_event.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Founder_effect.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Genetic_drift.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink George_C._Williams.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Goldfish.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Group_selection.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink History_of_molecular_evolution.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Hominini.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Human_evolution.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Hybrid_(biology).
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Inbreeding.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink John_Maynard_Smith.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Koinophilia.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Lamarckism.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Lampriformes.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink List_of_African_dinosaurs.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink List_of_Asian_dinosaurs.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink List_of_domesticated_animals.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink List_of_domesticated_plants.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Maize.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Mouflon.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Mutation.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Phyletic_gradualism.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Population_bottleneck.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Prussian_carp.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Punctuated_equilibrium.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Richard_Dawkins.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Sheep.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Silent_mutation.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Small_population_size.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Toba_catastrophe_theory.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLink Zea_(genus).
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLinkText "Rate of evolution".
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLinkText "evolutionary stasis".
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageWikiLinkText "rate of evolution".
- Rate_of_evolution align "top".
- Rate_of_evolution caption Brassica_oleracea.
- Rate_of_evolution caption Cauliflower.
- Rate_of_evolution caption Goldfish.
- Rate_of_evolution caption Mouflon.
- Rate_of_evolution caption Prussian_carp.
- Rate_of_evolution caption Sheep.
- Rate_of_evolution caption "Top: wild teosinte; middle: maize-teosinte hybrid; bottom: maize".
- Rate_of_evolution direction "horizontal".
- Rate_of_evolution header "Domestic plants and animals can differ markedly from their wild ancestors".
- Rate_of_evolution image "Brassica_oleracea0.jpg".
- Rate_of_evolution image "Carassius_gibelio_2008_G2.jpg".
- Rate_of_evolution image "Gullfiskur.jpg".
- Rate_of_evolution image "Maize-teosinte.jpg".
- Rate_of_evolution image "Ovis_orientalis_LC0267.jpg".
- Rate_of_evolution image "Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg".
- Rate_of_evolution image "Woolworths-cauliflower.jpg".
- Rate_of_evolution width "140".
- Rate_of_evolution width "285".
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Multiple_image.
- Rate_of_evolution wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Rate_of_evolution subject Category:Rate_of_evolution.
- Rate_of_evolution hypernym Variable.
- Rate_of_evolution type Star.
- Rate_of_evolution type Concept.
- Rate_of_evolution comment "The rate of evolution is a variable of considerable interest in evolutionary biology. It concerns the limits of adaptation to natural environments as well as the limits of artificial selection.Humans have created a wide range of new species, and varieties within those species, of both domesticated animals and plants. This has been achieved in a very short geological period of time, spanning only a few tens of thousands of years, and sometimes less.".
- Rate_of_evolution label "Rate of evolution".
- Rate_of_evolution sameAs m.0134m6tb.
- Rate_of_evolution wasDerivedFrom Rate_of_evolution?oldid=691797637.
- Rate_of_evolution depiction Maize-teosinte.jpg.
- Rate_of_evolution isPrimaryTopicOf Rate_of_evolution.