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- Polygonal_fort abstract "A polygonal fort is a fortification in the style that appeared in the end of the eighteenth century and evolved around the middle of the nineteenth century, in response to the development of powerful explosive shells. The complex and sophisticated designs of star forts that preceded them were highly effective against cannon assault, but proved much less effective against the more accurate fire of rifled guns and the destructive power of explosive shells. The polygonal style of fortification is also described as a \"flankless fort\". Their low profile makes them easy to overlook.One of the earliest polygonal forts in the world is Fort Tigné on Tigné Point, Malta, which was built by the Order of Saint John between 1792 and 1795. After the British took Malta in 1800, they considered this fort as the \"perfection of a small fort without flanks ... capable of considerable resistance\", and the British built a battery on Anholt (1812) and a fort on Vido (1824) in a similar design. The British went on to build several other polygonal forts and batteries on Malta from 1872 to 1909, the first one being Fort St. Rocco.Many were also built in the United Kingdom during the government of Lord Palmerston, and so they are also often referred to as Palmerston forts.In response to the vulnerabilities of star fortsTemplate:Such as?, military engineers evolved a much simpler but more robust style of fortification.The ditch became deep and vertical sided, cut directly into the native rock. It was laid out as a series of straight lines surrounding the fortified area that gives this style of fortification its name.The ditch was swept by fire from defensive blockhouses (caponiers) set in the ditch, and firing positions cut into the outer face of the ditch itself (counterscarp battery).The profile of the fort becomes very low indeed, surrounded outside the ditch by a gently sloping open area (glacis), so as to provide no protection for an enemy while the fort itself provides a minimal target for enemy fire, and the narrow ditch a difficult target for plunging shellfire.The counterscarp, (the outside of the ditch) is usually vertical, while the upper edge of the scarp is steeply sloping and often revetted in stone, to help shed shells into the ditch.Access to the fort was down a curving ramp cut into the glacis, then through a gatehouse set deep in the scarp of the ditch, reached by a rolling bridge that withdrew into the gatehouse.The majority of the fort is underground, with deep passages giving access to the counterscarp batteries and the ditches defensive blockhouses (caponniers) from within the fort. Magazines and machinery halls are deep under the surface, with only the emplacements for the fort's guns exposed at the surface.Perhaps surprisingly the guns were often mounted in open emplacements, known as \"en barbette\", simply protected by a parapet. This was not only to lower the outline of the fortress, but also because guns of this period were rifled muzzle loaders (RML), still using black powder as their propellant, which generated large amounts of fumes and smoke.Because of the fast burning propellant, gun barrels were short, and accuracy still relatively low. Experience had shown that guns could be put out of action by collapsing their casemates around them by bombardment. The gun in its open emplacement was a much harder target to hit than the massive face of a casemate.The polygonal forts provided robust and defendable gun platforms. They were built in the context of a larger defensive scheme, as forward batteries to engage the enemy and prevent them bombarding more vulnerable targets, like city rail centres and dockyards.Forts of this style were built extensively from the middle of the nineteenth century, but the end of the century saw the development of slower burning propellants, which allowed longer guns with much better range and accuracy and that produced much less smoke, and this along with the increasing reliability of breech-loading guns, favoured fortifications completely underground except for massive steel cupolas containing the guns. The increasing range of field artillery also required corresponding increases in the depth of zone that forts needed to be defend to prevent bombardment of the resources being defended.Meanwhile the development of machine guns and barbed wire offered a more flexible and much cheaper means of protecting from infantry assault compared to the polygonal fort's ditches and blockhouses.Many of the polygonal forts in Malta continued in service, even through the Second World War, since they provided convenient strongpoints, and their open emplacements readily accepted anti-aircraft batteries and quick firing guns, but the art of fortification had moved on.In Malta, two polygonal forts, Fort Mosta and Fort Madalena, are still in use by the Armed Forces of Malta, the former being used as an ammunition depot and the latter housing part of the Communications Information Systems Company of the AFM.".
- Polygonal_fort thumbnail Malta_-_Sliema_-_Tigné_Point_-_Fort_Tigné_01_ies_(Triq_il-Lanca)_01_ies.jpg?width=300.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageID "2878798".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageLength "6803".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageOutDegree "57".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageRevisionID "670829322".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Anholt_(Denmark).
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Anti-aircraft_warfare.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Armed_Forces_of_Malta.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Artillery_battery.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Assault.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Barbed_wire.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Barbette.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Blockhouse.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Breech-loading_weapon.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Caponier.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Casemate.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Category:Fortification_by_type.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink City.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Cordite.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Counterscarp.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Cupola.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Field_artillery.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Fort_Madalena.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Fort_Mosta.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Fort_Saint_Rocco.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Fort_Tigné.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Fortification.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Gatehouse.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Glacis.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Gun.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Gun_barrel.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Gunpowder.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Guthrie_rolling_bridge.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Infantry.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Knights_Hospitaller.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Machine_gun.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Machinery_halls.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Magazine_(artillery).
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Malta.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Malta_Protectorate.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Military_engineering.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Muzzle-loading_rifle.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Palmerston_Forts.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Parapet.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Plunging_fire.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Propellant.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Quick-firing_gun.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Revetment.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Rifling.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Shell_(projectile).
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Shipyard.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Star_fort.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Tigné_Point.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Urban_rail_transit.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink Vido.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink World_War_II.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink File:Malta_-_Sliema_-_Tigné_Point_-_Fort_Tigné_01_ies_(Triq_il-Lanca)_01_ies.jpg.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink File:Malta_-_Swieqi_-_Triq_il-Madliena_-_Fort_Madliena_03_ies.jpg.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink File:Malta_Delemara_two.jpg.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLink File:Malta_Delimara_one.jpg.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLinkText "French-style fortifications".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLinkText "Polygonal fort".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLinkText "Polygonal".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLinkText "fort".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLinkText "hexagonal".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLinkText "polygonal fort".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLinkText "polygonal".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageWikiLinkText "polygonal-style".
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Cleanup.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Fortifications.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Globalize.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Polygonal_fort wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Such_as%3F.
- Polygonal_fort subject Category:Fortification_by_type.
- Polygonal_fort hypernym Fortification.
- Polygonal_fort type MilitaryStructure.
- Polygonal_fort type PublicTransitSystem.
- Polygonal_fort type Page.
- Polygonal_fort comment "A polygonal fort is a fortification in the style that appeared in the end of the eighteenth century and evolved around the middle of the nineteenth century, in response to the development of powerful explosive shells. The complex and sophisticated designs of star forts that preceded them were highly effective against cannon assault, but proved much less effective against the more accurate fire of rifled guns and the destructive power of explosive shells.".
- Polygonal_fort label "Polygonal fort".
- Polygonal_fort sameAs Q92080.
- Polygonal_fort sameAs Polygonalsystem.
- Polygonal_fort sameAs Fortificazione_a_base_poligonale.
- Polygonal_fort sameAs m.088nz0.
- Polygonal_fort sameAs Q92080.
- Polygonal_fort wasDerivedFrom Polygonal_fort?oldid=670829322.
- Polygonal_fort depiction Malta_-_Sliema_-_Tigné_Point_-_Fort_Tigné_01_ies_(Triq_il-Lanca)_01_ies.jpg.
- Polygonal_fort isPrimaryTopicOf Polygonal_fort.