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- Plan_calcul abstract "Plan Calcul was a French governmental program to promote a national or European computer industry and associated research and education activities.The plan was approved in July 1966 by President Charles de Gaulle, in the aftermath of two key events that made his government worry about French dependance on the US computer industry\". First, the United States denied export licenses for American-made IBM and CDC computers to the French Commissariat à l'énergie atomique in order to prevent it from perfecting its H bomb. Meanwhile, in 1964, General Electric acquired a majority of Compagnie des Machines Bull, the largest French computer manufacturer, which had the second highest market share in France, after IBM. Following this partial takeover, known as \"Affaire Bull\", GE-Bull dropped two Bull computers from its product line.Responsibility for administering the plan was given to a newly created government agency, Délégation à l'informatique, answering directly to the prime minister.As part of the program, in December 1966, the Compagnie internationale pour l'informatique (CII) was established as a manufacturer of commercial and scientific computers, initially under licence from Scientific Data Systems. The new company was intended to compete not only in the process control and military market, where its staff was already seasoned, but also in the office computing sector of the French market, where IBM and Bull were dominant at the time. The plan enacted government subsidies for CII between 1967 and 1971, and was reconducted for another four years. A minor side of the plan was devoted to peripherals, while CII's main parent company, Thomson-CSF, received government support to develop its semiconductor plants and R & D. Overall, while CII mainframes benefitted from preferential procurement by the French government, the Plan Calcul left peripherals, components and small computers makers compete on the free market. The same went for software companies, which were already thriving in France.On the research side, the program also led to the creation of L'Institut de recherche en informatique et en automatique (IRIA) in 1967, which later became INRIA. It was accompanied with a vast educational effort in programming and computer science.In the late 1960s, CII shipped its new, internally designed mainframes (Iris 50 and Iris 80), and developed a mini-computer, Mitra 15, which became a commercial success in the following decade. The company also produced competitive magnetic peripherals in cooperation with CDC.In 1971, CII began negotiations with Siemens and Philips to form a joint European company, Unidata, which shipped its first computers in 1974. Yet a new President of the Republic was elected then, former Finance minister Giscard d'Estaing, who was a strong opponent of the Plan Calcul; meanwhile, CII's sleeping partner, CGE-Alcatel, woke up to oppose the domination of its archrival Siemens over the European computer industry. Unidata was terminated and CII was absorbed into Honeywell-Bull in 1976.".
- Plan_calcul wikiPageID "26092568".
- Plan_calcul wikiPageLength "6041".
- Plan_calcul wikiPageOutDegree "24".
- Plan_calcul wikiPageRevisionID "696143804".
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Category:1966_in_France.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Category:1966_introductions.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_computing.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Category:Politics_of_France.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Category:Science_and_technology_in_France.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Charles_de_Gaulle.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Compagnie_internationale_pour_linformatique.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Computational_science.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Computer.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Control_Data_Corporation.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink French_Alternative_Energies_and_Atomic_Energy_Commission.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink General_Electric.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Groupe_Bull.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink IBM.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Iris_50.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Iris_80.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Mitra_15.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Philips.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Siemens.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Thermonuclear_weapon.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLink Valxc3xa9ry_Giscard_dEstaing.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageWikiLinkText "Plan calcul".
- Plan_calcul colwidth "30".
- Plan_calcul wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Distinguish.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Plan_calcul wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Rp.
- Plan_calcul subject Category:1966_in_France.
- Plan_calcul subject Category:1966_introductions.
- Plan_calcul subject Category:History_of_computing.
- Plan_calcul subject Category:Politics_of_France.
- Plan_calcul subject Category:Science_and_technology_in_France.
- Plan_calcul hypernym Program.
- Plan_calcul type Work.
- Plan_calcul type Thing.
- Plan_calcul comment "Plan Calcul was a French governmental program to promote a national or European computer industry and associated research and education activities.The plan was approved in July 1966 by President Charles de Gaulle, in the aftermath of two key events that made his government worry about French dependance on the US computer industry\".".
- Plan_calcul label "Plan calcul".
- Plan_calcul differentFrom Plankalkül.
- Plan_calcul sameAs Q3391128.
- Plan_calcul sameAs Plan_Calcul.
- Plan_calcul sameAs m.0b6gcf1.
- Plan_calcul sameAs Q3391128.
- Plan_calcul wasDerivedFrom Plan_calcul?oldid=696143804.
- Plan_calcul isPrimaryTopicOf Plan_calcul.