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• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony abstract "In philosophy, testimony includes any words or utterances that are presented as evidence for the claims they express. This definition may be distinguished from the legal notion of testimony in that the speaker does not have to make a declaration of the truth of the facts.The role of testimony in acquiring belief and knowledge has been a relatively neglected philosophical issue. CAJ (Tony) Coady1 believes that this is because traditional epistemology has had a distinctly individualist flavour.However, it seems that many of the beliefs that we hold have been gained through accepting testimony. For example, one may only know that Kent is a county of England or that David Beckham earns $30 million per year because one has learned these things from other people. A more striking example is the belief about one's own birthdate. If you know your birthdate, the evidence for your belief was almost certainly received through testimony.One of the problems with acquiring knowledge through testimony is that it does not seem to live up to the standards of knowledge (see knowledge in philosophy ). As Owens notes2, it does not seem to live up to the Enlightenment ideal of rationality captured in the motto of the Royal Society – ‘Nullius in verba (no man's word)’. Crudely put, the question is: 'How can testimony give us knowledge when we have no reasons of our own?'Coady suggests that there are two approaches to this problem:Reductivism, which seeks to ‘reduce’ or re-describe our behaviour such that it is not at odds with the traditional view of knowledgeandAnti-reductivism, which seeks to fit our behaviour in with a different concept of knowledge. For example, we may compare it to an account of how perception gives us knowledge or how memory gives us knowledge directly.Hume is one of the few early philosophers to offer anything like a sustained account of testimony, this can be found in his ‘An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding’ in the section on miracles. The basic idea is that our justification for believing what people tell us comes from our experience of the ‘...constant and regular conjunction’3 between the state of affairs as people describe it and the actual state of affairs (i.e. our observation that they match). On Coady's schema he is a reductivist.Coady offers an anti-reductivist account of testimony. He claims that testimony is like perception, we don't have to have reasons for believing it, only an absence of reasons not to believe it. On Coady's account we are justified in being credulous. Proponents of anti-reductivism in the history of philosophy include Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Reid.Perhaps also significant is that Bertrand Russell argued that knowledge by acquaintance played an important part in epistemology.".
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• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageExternalLink cjp39-2--195-214--Ballantyne-King.pdf.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageExternalLink graham-transferring_knowledge.pdf.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageExternalLink AxelGelfert_KantOnTestimony.pdf.
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• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Age_of_Enlightenment.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Augustine_of_Hippo.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Bertrand_Russell.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Bimal_Krishna_Matilal.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink C._A._J._Coady.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Category:Epistemology.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Category:Philosophical_problems.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink David_Beckham.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink David_Hume.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink England.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Epistemology.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Individualism.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Kent.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Knowledge.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Knowledge_by_acquaintance.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Memory.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Perception.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Royal_Society.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Testimony.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Theory_of_justification.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLink Thomas_Reid.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLinkText "Philosophical problems of testimony".
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLinkText "epistemological problems posed by testimony".
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony wikiPageWikiLinkText "testimony".
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• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony subject Category:Epistemology.
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony subject Category:Philosophical_problems.
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• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony comment "In philosophy, testimony includes any words or utterances that are presented as evidence for the claims they express. This definition may be distinguished from the legal notion of testimony in that the speaker does not have to make a declaration of the truth of the facts.The role of testimony in acquiring belief and knowledge has been a relatively neglected philosophical issue.".
• Philosophical_problems_of_testimony label "Philosophical problems of testimony".
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