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- Nuclear_shell_model abstract "In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear shell model is a model of the atomic nucleus which uses the Pauli exclusion principle to describe the structure of the nucleus in terms of energy levels. The first shell model was proposed by Dmitry Ivanenko (together with E. Gapon) in 1932. The model was developed in 1949 following independent work by several physicists, most notably Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen, who shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics for their contributions.The shell model is partly analogous to the atomic shell model which describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom, in that a filled shell results in greater stability. When adding nucleons (protons or neutrons) to a nucleus, there are certain points where the binding energy of the next nucleon is significantly less than the last one. This observation, that there are certain magic numbers of nucleons: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 which are more tightly bound than the next higher number, is the origin of the shell model.The shells for protons and for neutrons are independent of each other. Therefore, one can have \"magic nuclei\" where one nucleon type or the other is at a magic number, and \"doubly magic nuclei\", where both are. Due to some variations in orbital filling, the upper magic numbers are 126 and, speculatively, 184 for neutrons but only 114 for protons, playing a role in the search for the so-called island of stability. Some semimagic numbers have been found, notably Z=40 giving nuclear shell filling for the various elements; 16 may also be a magic number.In order to get these numbers, the nuclear shell model starts from an average potential with a shape something between the square well and the harmonic oscillator. To this potential a spin orbit term is added. Even so, the total perturbation does not coincide with experiment, and an empirical spin orbit coupling, named the Nilsson Term, must be added with at least two or three different values of its coupling constant, depending on the nuclei being studied.Nevertheless, the magic numbers of nucleons, as well as other properties, can be arrived at by approximating the model with a three-dimensional harmonic oscillator plus a spin-orbit interaction. A more realistic but also complicated potential is known as Woods Saxon potential.Igal Talmi developed a method to obtain the information from experimental data and use it to calculate and predict energies which have not been measured. This method has been successfully used by many nuclear physicists and has led to deeper understanding of nuclear structure. The theory which gives a good description of these properties was developed. This description turned out to furnish the shell model basis of the elegant and successful interacting boson model.".
- Nuclear_shell_model thumbnail Shell_model.svg?width=300.
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- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Angular_momentum.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_nucleus.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Binding_energy.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Category:German_inventions.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Category:Nuclear_physics.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Degenerate_energy_levels.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Deuterium.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Dipole.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Dmitri_Ivanenko.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Edward_Teller.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Electric_dipole_moment.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Electron.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Electron_configuration.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Eugene_Wigner.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Excited_state.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Ground_state.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics).
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Harmonic_oscillator.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Henry_Margenau.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Hunds_rules.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Hydrogen-like_atom.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Igal_Talmi.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Interacting_boson_model.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Island_of_stability.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Isomeric_shift.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink J._Hans_D._Jensen.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Laplace_operator.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Magic_number_(physics).
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Multipole_expansion.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Neutron.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Nilsson_Term.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Nobel_Prize_in_Physics.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_chemistry.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_force.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_magnetic_moment.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_physics.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_structure.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Nucleon.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Parity_(physics).
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Particle_in_a_box.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Pascals_triangle.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Pauli_exclusion_principle.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Periodic_table.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Proton.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Quantum_harmonic_oscillator.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Quantum_number.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Semi-empirical_mass_formula.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Spin_(physics).
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Spin–orbit_interaction.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Superposition_principle.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Term_symbol.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Tony_Skyrme.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Wave_function.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink Woods–Saxon_potential.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink File:Shell_model.svg.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLink File:Shells.png.
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "Nuclear Shell Structure".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "Nuclear shell model".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "Nuclear shell".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "Shell model".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "as usual".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "closed proton shell".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "closed shell".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "complete shells".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "neutron shells".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "nuclear configurations".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "nuclear shell model".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "nuclear shell structure".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "nuclear shell".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "nuclear shells".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "proton orbitals".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "set of characteristic higher energy levels".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "shell and sub-shell closures".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "shell effects".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "shell model of nuclei".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "shell model".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "shell structure".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "shell".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "shell-model".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "shells".
- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageWikiLinkText "this procedure".
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- Nuclear_shell_model wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Nuclear_shell_model subject Category:German_inventions.