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- List_of_memory_biases abstract "In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many different types of memory biases, including: Change bias: after an investment of effort in producing change, remembering one's past performance as more difficult than it actually was. Childhood amnesia: the retention of few memories from before the age of four. Choice-supportive bias: remembering chosen options as having been better than rejected options (Mather, Shafir & Johnson, 2000) Confirmation bias: the tendency to search for, interpret, or recall information in a way that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses. Conservatism or Regressive bias: tendency to remember high values and high likelihoods/probabilities/frequencies lower than they actually were and low ones higher than they actually were. Based on the evidence, memories are not extreme enough. Consistency bias: incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour. Context effect: that cognition and memory are dependent on context, such that out-of-context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories (e.g., recall time and accuracy for a work-related memory will be lower at home, and vice versa). Cross-race effect: the tendency for people of one race to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own. Cryptomnesia: a form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory. Egocentric bias: recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g., remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as bigger than it really was. Fading affect bias: a bias in which the emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the emotion associated with positive events. Generation effect (Self-generation effect): that self-generated information is remembered best. For instance, people are better able to recall memories of statements that they have generated than similar statements generated by others.Gender differences in eyewitness memory: the tendency for a witness to remember more details about someone of the same gender. Hindsight bias: the inclination to see past events as being predictable; also called the \"I-knew-it-all-along\" effect. Humor effect: that humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or the emotional arousal caused by the humor. Illusion-of-truth effect: that people are more likely to identify as true statements those they have previously heard (even if they cannot consciously remember having heard them), regardless of the actual validity of the statement. In other words, a person is more likely to believe a familiar statement than an unfamiliar one. Illusory correlation: inaccurately seeing a relationship between two events related by coincidence. Lag effect: see spacing effect. Leveling and Sharpening: memory distortions introduced by the loss of details in a recollection over time, often concurrent with sharpening or selective recollection of certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to the details or aspects of the experience lost through leveling. Both biases may be reinforced over time, and by repeated recollection or re-telling of a memory. Levels-of-processing effect: that different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness (Craik & Lockhart, 1972). List-length effect: a smaller percentage of items are remembered in a longer list, but as the length of the list increases, the absolute number of items remembered increases as well. Memory inhibition: that being shown some items from a list makes it harder to retrieve the other items (e.g., Slamecka, 1968). Misattribution of memory: when information is retained in memory but the source of the memory is forgotten. One of Schacter's (1999) Seven Sins of Memory, Misattribution was divided into Source Confusion, Cryptomnesia and False Recall/False Recognition. Misinformation effect: that misinformation affects people's reports of their own memory. Modality effect: that memory recall is higher for the last items of a list when the list items were received via speech than when they were received via writing. Mood congruent memory bias: the improved recall of information congruent with one's current mood. Next-in-line effect: that a person in a group has diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or after this person. Peak-end rule: that people seem to perceive not the sum of an experience but the average of how it was at its peak (e.g. pleasant or unpleasant) and how it ended. Persistence: the unwanted recurrence of memories of a traumatic event. Picture superiority effect: that concepts are much more likely to be remembered experientially if they are presented in picture form than if they are presented in word form. Placement bias: tendency to remember ourselves to be better than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves above average (also Illusory superiority or Better-than-average effect) and tendency to remember ourselves to be worse than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves below average (also Worse-than-average effect). Positivity effect: that older adults favor positive over negative information in their memories. Primacy effect, Recency effect & Serial position effect: that items near the end of a list are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a list; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered. Processing difficulty effect. Reminiscence bump: the recalling of more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime periods (Rubin, Wetzler & Nebes, 1986; Rubin, Rahhal & Poon, 1998). Rosy retrospection: the remembering of the past as having been better than it really was. Self-reference effect: the phenomena that memories encoded with relation to the self are better recalled than similar information encoded otherwise. Self-serving bias: perceiving oneself responsible for desirable outcomes but not responsible for undesirable ones. Source confusion: misattributing the source of a memory, e.g. misremembering that one saw an event personally when actually it was seen on television. Spacing effect: that information is better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a longer span of time. Stereotypical bias: memory distorted towards stereotypes (e.g. racial or gender), e.g. \"black-sounding\" names being misremembered as names of criminals. Subadditivity effect: the tendency to estimate that the likelihood of a remembered event is less than the sum of its (more than two) mutually exclusive components. Suffix effect: the weakening of the recency effect in the case that an item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall (Morton, Crowder & Prussin, 1971). Suggestibility: a form of misattribution where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory. Telescoping effect: the tendency to displace recent events backward in time and remote events forward in time, so that recent events appear more remote, and remote events, more recent. Testing effect: that frequent testing of material that has been committed to memory improves memory recall. Tip of the tongue: when a subject is able to recall parts of an item, or related information, but is frustratingly unable to recall the whole item. This is thought to be an instance of \"blocking\" where multiple similar memories are being recalled and interfere with each other. Verbatim effect: that the \"gist\" of what someone has said is better remembered than the verbatim wording (Poppenk, Walia, Joanisse, Danckert, & Köhler, 2006). Von Restorff effect: that an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other items (von Restorff, 1933). Zeigarnik effect: that uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones.↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 10.0 10.1 ↑".
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageID "905646".
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageLength "12743".
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageOutDegree "58".
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageRevisionID "705181315".
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Bluma_Zeigarnik.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Category:Cognitive_biases.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Category:Cognitive_science_lists.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Category:Memory.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Childhood_amnesia.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Choice-supportive_bias.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Cognitive_bias.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Cognitive_science.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Confirmation_bias.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Cross-race_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Cryptomnesia.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Cue-dependent_forgetting.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Egocentric_bias.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Fading_affect_bias.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Gender_differences_in_eyewitness_memory.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Generation_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Heuristics_in_judgment_and_decision-making.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Hindsight_bias.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Illusory_correlation.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Illusory_superiority.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Levels-of-processing_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink List-length_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink List_of_cognitive_biases.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink List_of_common_misconceptions.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink List_of_fallacies.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Memory.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Memory_inhibition.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Misattribution_of_memory.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Misinformation_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Modality_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Outline_of_public_relations.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Overconfidence_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Peak–end_rule.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Picture_superiority_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Positivity_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Psychology.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Recall_bias.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Reminiscence_bump.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Rosy_retrospection.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Self-reference_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Self-serving_bias.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Serial_position_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Spacing_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Stereotype.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Subadditivity_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Suggestibility.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Telescoping_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Testing_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Tip_of_the_tongue.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Traumatic_event.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Von_Restorff_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLink Worse-than-average_effect.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLinkText "List of memory biases".
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageWikiLinkText "memory biases".
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Biases.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Memory.
- List_of_memory_biases wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- List_of_memory_biases subject Category:Cognitive_biases.
- List_of_memory_biases subject Category:Cognitive_science_lists.
- List_of_memory_biases subject Category:Memory.
- List_of_memory_biases hypernym Bias.
- List_of_memory_biases type List.
- List_of_memory_biases type Type.
- List_of_memory_biases type Concept.
- List_of_memory_biases type List.
- List_of_memory_biases type Type.
- List_of_memory_biases comment "In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many different types of memory biases, including: Change bias: after an investment of effort in producing change, remembering one's past performance as more difficult than it actually was.".
- List_of_memory_biases label "List of memory biases".
- List_of_memory_biases sameAs Q6628349.
- List_of_memory_biases sameAs Sesgo_de_memoria.
- List_of_memory_biases sameAs Q6628349.
- List_of_memory_biases wasDerivedFrom List_of_memory_biases?oldid=705181315.
- List_of_memory_biases isPrimaryTopicOf List_of_memory_biases.