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- Fortress_of_Humaitá abstract "The Fortress of Humaitá (1854–68), known metaphorically as the Sebastopol or even the Gibraltar of South America, was a defensive system near the mouth of the River Paraguay. A strategic site without equal in the region, it was \"the key to Paraguay and the upper rivers\". The fortress was deeply involved in the Paraguayan War (1864–70), but its construction was a key event in South American geopolitics well before that time.The site was a meander or sharp bend in the river; practically all vessels wishing to enter the Republic of Paraguay were forced to navigate it. The bend was commanded by a 6,000 feet (1.8 kilometers) line of fortified artillery batteries, at the end which was a chain boom which, when raised, closed the river to navigation. The fortress was protected from attack on its landward side by impassible swamp or extensive earthworks which, at their greatest extension, stretched for 8 lineal miles (13 km) and required a garrison of 10,000 men. At its zenith Humaitá was reputed to be impassable to enemy shipping.The widespread perception which it created in its heyday – that Paraguay was practically immune to naval attack – may have induced its Marshal-President Francisco Solano López to take unnecessary risks in foreign policy and, in particular, to seize government vessels and provinces of the much more populous Brazil and Argentina and to send an army to invade Uruguay. They united against him in the Treaty of the Triple Alliance. The war led to his country’s utter defeat and ruin and the casualties were immense.A declared purpose of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance was the demolition of the Humaitá fortifications and that none others of that sort should be built again. However the fortress, though not by then invulnerable to the latest armour-plated warships, was a serious obstacle to the Allies’ plans to proceed upriver to the Paraguayan capital Asunción and to recapture the Brazilian territory of Mato Grosso: it withstood a siege for two and a half years. It was taken in the Siege of Humaitá, an amphibious operation that culminated on 25 July 1868. It was then razed pursuant to the Treaty.For present-day Paraguayans Humaitá is a symbol of national pride, standing for their country’s unyielding will to resist.".
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