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- Siege_of_Kars abstract "The Siege of Kars was the last major operation of the Crimean War. In June 1855, attempting to alleviate pressure on the defence of Sevastopol, Emperor Alexander II ordered General Nikolay Muravyov to lead his troops against areas of Ottoman interest in Asia Minor. Uniting disparate contingents under his command into a strong corps of 25,000 soldiers and 88 light guns, Muravyov decided to attack Kars, the most important fortress of Eastern Anatolia.Late in 1854, British general William Fenwick Williams had been sent to Kars to assess the situation and report directly to Lord Raglan (FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan), supreme commander-in-chief of the British expeditionary forces in the Crimea. Williams found the city in a deplorable state. The Turkish forces included many newly conscripted recruits, the men had not been paid in months, and many possessed obsolete weapons. Support services such as hospitals were non-existent. Many of the senior Turkish officers were absent, residing in Constantinople. Morale was low and desertion high. Appalled by the situation, Williams took command along with several other foreign officers. He quickly set to work to institute discipline, train the troops, and reinforce the city's defences. By the spring of 1855, 17,000 troops in high spirits stood ready to defend Kars. The first attack was repulsed by the Ottoman garrison under Williams. Muravyov's second assault pushed the Turks back, and he was able to take the main road and the heights over the city, but the renewed vigour of the Turkish troops took the Russians by surprise. Due to the ferocious fighting that had ensued, they changed tactics and started a siege that would last until late November. Upon hearing news of the attack, the Ottoman Commander Omar Pasha asked for Ottoman troops to be moved from the line at the Siege of Sevastopol and redeployed to Asia Minor mainly with the idea of relieving Kars. After many delays, primarily put in place by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon III), Omar Pasha left the Crimea for Sukhumi with 45,000 soldiers on September 6.Omar Pasha's arrival on the Black Sea coast north of Kars induced Muravyov to begin a third assault on the Ottoman forces, now nearly starved. On September 29 the Russians undertook a general attack on Kars that lasted seven hours with extreme desperation. They were repulsed and the retreat became a complete rout. The Ottoman forces lost 700-800 men while Russian casualties were more than 3,000 killed and more than 6,000 killed, wounded or taken prisoner. General Williams remained isolated, however, as Omar Pasha never reached the city; instead of relieving the garrison he plunged into prolonged warfare in Mingrelia and took Sukhumi in the aftermath. In the meantime, the Ottoman reserves in Kars were running out and the supply lines had been thinned.Heavy snowfall in late October made Ottoman reinforcement of Kars quite impractical. Selim Pasha, Omar's son, landed another army at the ancient city of Trebizond, to the west, and began marching south to Erzerum in order to prevent Russian retreat further into Anatolia. The Russians sent a small force from the Kars lines to stop his advance and defeated the Ottomans at the River Ingur on November 6.The garrison of Kars declined to face further hardships of the winter siege and surrendered to General Muravyov on November 28 (according to Gregorian calendar) 1855. (Muravyov was authorized by the tsar to change his name to "Muravyov-Karsky", commemorating his part in taking the fortress.) On entering the city the Russians "were immediately horrified to discover masses of men too weak to be evacuated, many of them in the throes of death." Despite the lack of aid from Constantinople, Williams remained steadfast to his Turkish troops and stated that "[t]hey fell dead at their posts, in the tents, and throughout the camp, as brave men should who cling to their duty through the slightest glimmering of hope of saving a place entrusted to their custody".".
- Siege_of_Kars causalties "6,500 killed and wounded, 11,127 captured".
- Siege_of_Kars combatant "British Empire".
- Siege_of_Kars combatant "Ottoman Empire".
- Siege_of_Kars combatant "Russian Empire".
- Siege_of_Kars commander Mehmet_Vasıf_Pasha_Gürcü.
- Siege_of_Kars commander Nikolay_Muravyov-Karsky.
- Siege_of_Kars commander Omar_Pasha.
- Siege_of_Kars commander Sir_William_Williams,_1st_Baronet,_of_Kars.
- Siege_of_Kars isPartOfMilitaryConflict Crimean_War.
- Siege_of_Kars place Kars.
- Siege_of_Kars place Ottoman_Empire.
- Siege_of_Kars result "Russian victory".
- Siege_of_Kars strength "10,000 cavalry".
- Siege_of_Kars strength "17,000 soldiers".
- Siege_of_Kars strength "40,000 infantry".
- Siege_of_Kars thumbnail January_Suchodolski_-_Kars_siege.jpg?width=300.
- Siege_of_Kars wikiPageID "3414715".
- Siege_of_Kars wikiPageRevisionID "645286578".
- Siege_of_Kars caption "January Suchodolski: Siege of Kars, 1839".
- Siege_of_Kars casualties "2300".
- Siege_of_Kars casualties "5000".
- Siege_of_Kars casualties "6500".
- Siege_of_Kars combatant "British Empire".
- Siege_of_Kars combatant "Ottoman Empire".
- Siege_of_Kars combatant "Russian Empire".
- Siege_of_Kars commander "Nikolay Muravyov-Karsky".
- Siege_of_Kars commander "Omar Pasha".
- Siege_of_Kars commander "Vasıf Pasha".
- Siege_of_Kars commander "William Fenwick Williams".
- Siege_of_Kars conflict "Siege of Kars".
- Siege_of_Kars date "June - November 1855".
- Siege_of_Kars hasPhotoCollection Siege_of_Kars.
- Siege_of_Kars partof "the Crimean War".
- Siege_of_Kars place Kars.
- Siege_of_Kars place Ottoman_Empire.
- Siege_of_Kars result "Russian victory".
- Siege_of_Kars strength "17000".
- Siege_of_Kars strength "40000".
- Siege_of_Kars wordnet_type synset-war-noun-1.
- Siege_of_Kars subject Category:Battles_of_the_Crimean_War.
- Siege_of_Kars subject Category:Conflicts_in_1855.
- Siege_of_Kars subject Category:History_of_Kars.
- Siege_of_Kars subject Category:Sieges_involving_Russia.
- Siege_of_Kars subject Category:Sieges_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire.
- Siege_of_Kars type Abstraction100002137.
- Siege_of_Kars type Act100030358.
- Siege_of_Kars type Battle100953559.
- Siege_of_Kars type BattlesOfTheCrimeanWar.
- Siege_of_Kars type Blockade100954086.
- Siege_of_Kars type Conflict100958896.
- Siege_of_Kars type ConflictsIn1855.
- Siege_of_Kars type Event100029378.
- Siege_of_Kars type GroupAction101080366.
- Siege_of_Kars type MilitaryAction100952963.
- Siege_of_Kars type PsychologicalFeature100023100.
- Siege_of_Kars type Siege101075117.
- Siege_of_Kars type SiegesInvolvingRussia.
- Siege_of_Kars type SiegesInvolvingTheOttomanEmpire.
- Siege_of_Kars type YagoPermanentlyLocatedEntity.
- Siege_of_Kars type Event.
- Siege_of_Kars type MilitaryConflict.
- Siege_of_Kars type SocietalEvent.
- Siege_of_Kars type Event.
- Siege_of_Kars type ConflictEvent.
- Siege_of_Kars type Event.
- Siege_of_Kars type Thing.
- Siege_of_Kars type Q1656682.
- Siege_of_Kars comment "The Siege of Kars was the last major operation of the Crimean War. In June 1855, attempting to alleviate pressure on the defence of Sevastopol, Emperor Alexander II ordered General Nikolay Muravyov to lead his troops against areas of Ottoman interest in Asia Minor.".
- Siege_of_Kars label "Belagerung von Kars".
- Siege_of_Kars label "Cerco de Kars".
- Siege_of_Kars label "Kars Kuşatması (Kırım Savaşı)".
- Siege_of_Kars label "Pengepungan Kars".
- Siege_of_Kars label "Siege of Kars".
- Siege_of_Kars label "Siège de Kars".
- Siege_of_Kars label "Обсада на Карс (1855)".
- Siege_of_Kars label "Осада Карса (1855)".
- Siege_of_Kars sameAs Belagerung_von_Kars.
- Siege_of_Kars sameAs Siège_de_Kars.
- Siege_of_Kars sameAs Pengepungan_Kars.
- Siege_of_Kars sameAs Cerco_de_Kars.
- Siege_of_Kars sameAs m.09b87d.
- Siege_of_Kars sameAs Q815157.
- Siege_of_Kars sameAs Q815157.
- Siege_of_Kars sameAs Siege_of_Kars.
- Siege_of_Kars wasDerivedFrom Siege_of_Kars?oldid=645286578.
- Siege_of_Kars depiction January_Suchodolski_-_Kars_siege.jpg.
- Siege_of_Kars isPrimaryTopicOf Siege_of_Kars.
- Siege_of_Kars name "Siege of Kars".