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- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis abstract "In evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, the Trivers–Willard hypothesis, formally proposed by Robert Trivers and Dan Willard, suggests that female mammals are able to adjust offspring sex ratio in response to their maternal condition. For example, it may predict greater parental investment in males by parents in "good conditions" and greater investment in females by parents in "poor conditions" (relative to parents in good condition). The reasoning for this prediction is as follows: Assume that parents have information on the sex of their offspring and can influence their survival differentially. While pressures exist to maintain sex ratios at 50%, evolution will favor local deviations from this if one sex has a likely greater reproductive payoff than is usual.Trivers and Willard also identified a circumstance in which reproducing individuals might experience deviations from expected offspring reproductive value—namely, varying maternal condition. In polygynous species males may mate with multiple females and low-condition males will achieve fewer or no matings. Parents in relatively good condition would then be under selection for mutations causing production and investment in sons (rather than daughters), because of the increased chance of mating experienced by these good-condition sons. Mating with multiple females conveys a large reproductive benefit, whereas daughters could translate their condition into only smaller benefits. An opposite prediction holds for poor-condition parents—selection will favor production and investment in daughters, so long as daughters are likely to be mated, while sons in poor condition are likely to be out-competed by other males and end up with zero mates (i.e., those sons will be a reproductive dead end).The hypothesis was used to explain why, for example, Red Deer mothers would produce more sons when they are in good condition, and more daughters when in poor condition. In polyandrous species where some females mate with multiple males (and others get no matings) and males mate with one/few females (i.e., "sex-role reversed" species), these predictions from the Trivers–Willard hypothesis are reversed: parents in good condition will invest in daughters in order to have a daughter that can out-compete other females to attract multiple males, whereas parents in poor condition will avoid investing in daughters who are likely to get out-competed and will instead invest in sons in order to gain at least some grandchildren."Condition" can be assessed in multiple ways, including body size, parasite loads, or dominance, which has also been shown in macaques (Macaca sylvanus) to affect the sex of offspring, with dominant females giving birth to more sons and non-dominant females giving birth to more daughters. Consequently, high-ranking females give birth to a higher proportion of males than those who are low-ranking.".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageID "5066368".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageLength "9312".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageOutDegree "24".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageRevisionID "679403173".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Barbary_macaque.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Blastocyst.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Blastocysts.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Category:Evolutionary_biology.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Category:Evolutionary_psychology.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Category:Hypotheses.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Dan_Willard.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Dominance_(ethology).
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Evolutionary_biology.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Evolutionary_psychology.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Fertilisation.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Forbes_400.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Glucose.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Hungary.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Macaca_sylvanus.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Parasite.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Parasitism.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Parental_investment.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Polyandry.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Polygyny.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink K_selection_theory.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Red_Deer.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Red_deer.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Reproductive_payoff.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Robert_Trivers.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Romani_people.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Sample_selection.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLink Sex_ratio.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLinkText "Sex allocation theory".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLinkText "Trivers and Willard".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLinkText "Trivers-Willard Hypothesis".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLinkText "Trivers-Willard hypothesis".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageWikiLinkText "Trivers–Willard hypothesis".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis hasPhotoCollection Trivers–Willard_hypothesis.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Evolutionary_psychology.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis subject Category:Evolutionary_biology.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis subject Category:Evolutionary_psychology.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis subject Category:Hypotheses.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis comment "In evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, the Trivers–Willard hypothesis, formally proposed by Robert Trivers and Dan Willard, suggests that female mammals are able to adjust offspring sex ratio in response to their maternal condition. For example, it may predict greater parental investment in males by parents in "good conditions" and greater investment in females by parents in "poor conditions" (relative to parents in good condition).".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis label "Trivers–Willard hypothesis".
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis sameAs Trivers-Willard-Prinzip.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis sameAs Théorie_de_la_répartition_des_sexes_de_Trivers_et_Willard.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis sameAs m.0d1657.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis sameAs Q2454501.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis sameAs Q2454501.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis wasDerivedFrom Trivers–Willard_hypothesis?oldid=679403173.
- Trivers–Willard_hypothesis isPrimaryTopicOf Trivers–Willard_hypothesis.