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- Symbiosis_in_lichens abstract ""Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture" - Trevor GowardSymbiosis in lichens is the mutually helpful symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus. The fungus benefits from the algae or cyanobacteria because they produce food by photosynthesis. The algae or cyanobacteria benefit by being protected from the environment by the filaments of the fungus, which also gather moisture and nutrients from the environment, and (usually) provide an anchor to it. The lichen combination of fungus and/or algae and/or cyanobacteria has a very different form (morphology), physiology, and biochemistry than the parts growing by themselves. The properties of the "whole" combination are very different from the sum of the properties of the parts living by themselves.Living as a symbiont in a lichen appears to be a successful way for a fungus to derive essential nutrients, as about 20% of all fungal species have acquired this mode of life. The fungal partner may be an Ascomycete or Basidiomycete. Common algal partners are Trebouxia, Pseudotrebouxia, or Myrmecia. Common cyanobacterium partners include are Nostoc or Scytonema.The largest number of lichenized fungi occur in the Ascomycota, with about 40% of species forming such an association. Some of these lichenized fungi occur in orders with nonlichenized fungi that live as saprotrophs or plant parasites (for example, the Leotiales, Dothideales, and Pezizales). Other lichen fungi occur in only five orders in which all members are engaged in this habit (Orders Graphidales, Gyalectales, Peltigerales, Pertusariales, and Teloschistales). Lichenized and nonlichenized fungi can even be found in the same genus or species. Overall, about 98% of lichens have an ascomycetous mycobiont. Next to the Ascomycota, the largest number of lichenized fungi occur in the unassigned fungi imperfecti. Comparatively few Basidiomycetes are lichenized, but these include agarics, such as species of Lichenomphalia, clavarioid fungi, such as species of Multiclavula, and corticioid fungi, such as species of Dictyonema.The autotrophic symbionts occurring in lichens are a wide variety of simple, photosynthetic organisms commonly and traditionally known as algae. These symbionts include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Approximately 100 species of photosynthetic partners from 40 genera and five distinct classes (prokaryotic: Cyanophyceae; eukaryotic: Trebouxiophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyceae) have been found to associate with the lichen-forming fungi. The prokaryotes belong to the Cyanobacteria, whose representatives are often called bluegreen algae. The bluegreen algae occur as symbionts in about 8% of the known lichens. The most commonly occurring genus is Nostoc. The majority of the lichens contain eukaryotic autotrophs belonging to the Chlorophyta (green algae) or to the Xanthophyta (yellow-green algae). About 90% of all known lichens have a green alga as a symbiont, and among these, Trebouxia is the most common genus, occurring in about 40% of all lichens. The second most commonly represented green alga genus is Trentepohlia. Overall, about 100 species are known to occur as autotrophs in lichens. All the algae are probably able to exist independently in nature as well as in the lichen.A particular fungus species and algal species are not necessarily always associated together in a lichen. One fungus, for example, can form lichens with a variety of different algae. The thalli produced by a given fungal symbiont with its differing partners will be similar, and the secondary metabolites identical, indicating that the fungus has the dominant role in determining the morphology of the lichen. Further, the same algal species can occur in association with different fungal partners. Lichens are known in which there is one fungus associated with two or even three algal species. Rarely, the reverse can occur, and two or more fungal species can interact to form the same lichen.Both the lichen and the fungus partner bear the same scientific name, and the lichens are being integrated into the classification schemes for fungi. The alga bears its own scientific name, which bears no relationship to that of the lichen or fungi.".
- Symbiosis_in_lichens thumbnail Lichen_Cross_Section_Diagram.svg?width=300.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageID "43889160".
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageLength "9183".
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageOutDegree "85".
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageRevisionID "632300427".
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Agaric.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Agarics.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Ascomycete.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Ascomycota.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Autotroph.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Basidiomycete.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Basidiomycetes.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Basidiomycota.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Biochemistry.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Brown_algae.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Category:Lichens.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Celtic_Rainforest.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Celtic_rain_forest.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Characterize.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Chlorococcales.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Chlorophyceae.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Chlorophyta.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Clavarioid_fungi.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Clorococcoid.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Collema.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Corticioid_fungi.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Cyanobacteria.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Cyanobacterium.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Cyanolichen.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Cyanophyceae.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Degelia.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Dictyonema.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Dothideales.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Eukaryote.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Eukaryotic.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Foliose.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Foliose_lichen.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Fungi_imperfecti.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Fungus.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Globose.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Graphidales.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Green_algae.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Gyalectales.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Jelly_lichen.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Leotiales.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Leptogium.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Lichen.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Lichenicolous_fungus.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Lichenolous_fungi.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Lichenomphalia.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Limestone.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Lobaria.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Lobarion.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Morphology_(biology).
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Multiclavula.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Myrmecia_(algae).
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Nostoc.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Obligate.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Order_(biology).
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Parasite.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Parasitism.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Peltigera.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Peltigerales.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Pertusariales.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Pezizales.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Phaeophyceae.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Photobiont.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Photosynthesis.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Phycobiont.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Physiology.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Prokaryote.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Prokaryotic.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Pseudotrebouxia.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Saprotroph.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Saprotrophic_nutrition.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Scytonema.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Sphere.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Symbiosis.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Symbiotic_relationship.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Teloschistales.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Thalli.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Thallus.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Trebouxia.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Trebouxioid.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Trebouxiophyceae.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Trebuxia.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Trentepohlia_(alga).
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Trevor_Goward.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink Yellow-green_algae.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageWikiLink File:Lichen_Cross_Section_Diagram.svg.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens hasPhotoCollection Symbiosis_in_lichens.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Citation_needed.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens subject Category:Lichens.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens hypernym Fungi.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens type Fungus.
- Symbiosis_in_lichens comment ""Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture" - Trevor GowardSymbiosis in lichens is the mutually helpful symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus. The fungus benefits from the algae or cyanobacteria because they produce food by photosynthesis.".
- Symbiosis_in_lichens label "Symbiosis in lichens".
- Symbiosis_in_lichens sameAs m.011x7gl4.