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- Sudwala_Caves abstract "The Sudwala Caves in Mpumalanga, South Africa, are set in Precambrian dolomite rock, which was first laid down about 3800 million years ago, when Africa was still part of Gondwana. The caves themselves formed about 240 million years ago.The caves were used for shelter in prehistoric times, probably due in part to a constant supply of fresh air from an unknown source in the caves.In the nineteenth century the Sudwala Caves were used by Somquba, the brother of the Swazi heir apparent, as a fortress. In a power struggle for the Swazi throne, many bloody battles were fought at the cave entrance. The story begins as follows:When King Sobhuza I of Swaziland died in 1836, his heir was Mswati II, who was still a minor and too young to ascend the vacant throne. A cousin, Paramount Chief Usutfu, was installed as regent, which proved to be a flawed choice.Usutfu was too weak to prevent Mswati’s brother Somquba from making an effective bid for the throne by calling an Incwala, or Festival of the First Fruit. The significance of this is that it is high treason, not to mention sacrilege, for any other person other than the Swazi king to hold an Incwala.After a skirmish with Mswati’s army near the Mgwenyana River, 9 km west of Barberton, Somquba and his followers fled the area, with some 500 head of Mswati’s cattle. They crossed the Crocodile River and settled near the Mankelexele Mountains, between Elandshoek and Schagen, about 10 km from what are now the Sudwala Caves. Their settlement was known as M’selezie.Somquba sought and received protection from the newly established Boer settlement of Lydenburg. He made a formal alliance with the (1856–57) Lydenburg Republic.There was continuous conflict between Mswati’s and Somquba’s followers in the form of raids and cattle theft. The Boers continued to side with Somquba, in return for labour to dig the first water canal at Lydenburg. Another benefit for the Boers was that Somquba acted as a buffer for them, against Mswati.During the early 1860s Somquba came to know of the Caves, and subsequently, in times of conflict, he and his followers would take refuge there, with their cattle. They stock-piled food and there was plenty of water, so it made a strong refuge. Somquba maintained observation posts, and always kept the cave entrance clear, so that he could retreat there in a hurry. At that time stage the cave mouth was much smaller, and could barely accommodate the long horns of his small herd of prized Nguni cattle, as they were led in by hand, in single file. The principal guardian of the Caves’ entrance was Sudwala, Somquba’s chief inDuna (councillor/captain), whose name is thus commemorated to this day, and whose spirit is legendarily said to linger in the Caves. Today nobody knows how many times Somquba took refuge inside the Caves, but many bloody battles were fought at the site. At one time, the ever-persistent regiments of Mswati built a massive bonfire at the entrance, while Somquba and his followers were inside, in an attempt to suffocate them, but the natural airflow in the Caves foiled this attack. Help was sent for and received from a Lydenburg Boer commando, led by one Abel Erasmus. The commando drove off Mswati’s regiments, and freed Somquba. Traces of the fire are still visible to this day.Somquba and his followers used the caves as refuge, until Somquba was killed in an unexpected attack. Survivors stayed on under the leadership of Sudwala, and that is how the caves got their name.During the Second Boer War, in 1900, the caves were used by the Boers to store ammunition for their 94-pounder Long Tom guns. It was thought that the caves may have been used by President Paul Kruger to store the legendary "Kruger Millions", gold bullion which reputedly disappeared somewhere between Waterval Onder and Nelspruit during Paul Kruger's flight from Pretoria to Lourenço Marques (now Maputo).In 1914 a company was formed to excavate huge amounts of bat guano; this was sold as fertilizer to farmers.The Sudwalaskraal farm that is home to the caves was purchased in 1965 by Philippus Rudolf Owen, and he opened the caves as a tourist attraction.The major chamber in the Sudwala Caves is the P. R. Owen Hall; it is 70 metres in diameter and 37 metres high, with a constant temperature of 17 °C. This chamber was used as a concert hall on a number of occasions, including July 1970, when the Russian singer Ivan Rebroff gave a concert. Concerts were stopped due to vandalism in the caves in 2002, but were started again in 2006. Chris Chameleon performed in the caves with the Drakensburg Boys Choir as part of the InniBos Arts Festival in 2012. This is the song Pie Jesu performed live.There are a number of calcium structures in the cave, known by names such as the "Lowveld Rocket", "Samson's Pillar", and the "Screaming Monster"; some have been dated to 200 million years old. There are also microbial fossils of a cyanobacterium known as collenia in the rock; these formed 2000 million years ago.The Sudwala Caves are a popular tourist attraction in Mpumalanga, and are next to the P R Owen Dinosaur Park. One-hour tours of the cave are run during the day, and a monthly five-hour-long "Crystal Tour" takes adventurous visitors 2000 metres through the cave, with the tour culminating at a crystal chamber that bears aragonite crystals and the famous Sudwala Star. The Cave Diaries is a documentary series filmed on the Crystal Tour.".
- Sudwala_Caves thumbnail The_Screaming_Monster.jpg?width=300.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageExternalLink Kruger_National_Park_Sudwala_Caves.htm.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageExternalLink www.sudwalacaves.com.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageExternalLink crystal-tour.html.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageExternalLink vtour.html.
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- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageID "6554010".
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageLength "6717".
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageOutDegree "35".
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageRevisionID "650484123".
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink 155_mm_Creusot_Long_Tom.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Aragonite.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Barberton,_Mpumalanga.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Bat_guano.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Boer.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Calcium.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Category:Caves_of_South_Africa.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Category:Landforms_of_Mpumalanga.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Category:Limestone_caves.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Collenia.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Crystal.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Dolomite.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Gondwana.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Guano.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Incwala.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Ivan_Rebroff.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink List_of_caves_in_South_Africa.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Lydenburg.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Maputo.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Mpumalanga.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Mswati_II.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Nelspruit.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink P_R_Owen_Dinosaur_Park.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Paul_Kruger.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Precambrian.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Pretoria.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Second_Boer_War.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Sobhuza_I.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink Waterval_Onder.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink File:A_Crystal_Tour.jpg.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink File:Entrance_to_the_Sudwala_Caves.jpg.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink File:Screaming_monster_main_cavern.jpg.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink File:SudwalaCaves1.jpg.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink File:Sudwala_Caves_general.jpg.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLink File:The_Screaming_Monster.jpg.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageWikiLinkText "Sudwala Caves".
- Sudwala_Caves hasPhotoCollection Sudwala_Caves.
- Sudwala_Caves wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Coord.
- Sudwala_Caves subject Category:Caves_of_South_Africa.
- Sudwala_Caves subject Category:Landforms_of_Mpumalanga.
- Sudwala_Caves subject Category:Limestone_caves.
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- Sudwala_Caves type Landform.
- Sudwala_Caves type SpatialThing.
- Sudwala_Caves comment "The Sudwala Caves in Mpumalanga, South Africa, are set in Precambrian dolomite rock, which was first laid down about 3800 million years ago, when Africa was still part of Gondwana.".
- Sudwala_Caves label "Sudwala Caves".
- Sudwala_Caves sameAs Sudwalagrotte.
- Sudwala_Caves sameAs Sudwala_Caves.
- Sudwala_Caves sameAs Sudwalan_luolat.
- Sudwala_Caves sameAs m.0gb6t1.
- Sudwala_Caves sameAs 7534701.
- Sudwala_Caves sameAs Q1686963.
- Sudwala_Caves sameAs Q1686963.
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- Sudwala_Caves long "30.700186111111112".
- Sudwala_Caves wasDerivedFrom Sudwala_Caves?oldid=650484123.
- Sudwala_Caves depiction The_Screaming_Monster.jpg.
- Sudwala_Caves isPrimaryTopicOf Sudwala_Caves.