Matches in DBpedia 2015-10 for { <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Rangekeeper> ?p ?o }
- Rangekeeper abstract "Rangekeepers were electromechanical fire control computers used primarily during the early part of the 20th century. They were sophisticated analog computers whose development reached its zenith following World War II, specifically the Computer Mk 47 in the Mk 68 Gun Fire Control system. During World War II, rangekeepers directed gunfire on land, sea, and in the air. While rangekeepers were widely deployed, the most sophisticated rangekeepers were mounted on warships to direct the fire of long-range guns.These warship-based computing devices needed to be sophisticated because the problem of calculating gun angles in a naval engagement is very complex. In a naval engagement, both the ship firing the gun and the target are moving with respect to each other. In addition, the ship firing its gun is not a stable platform because ships roll, pitch, and yaw due to wave action, ship change of direction, and effect of board firing. The rangekeeper also performed the required ballistics calculations associated with firing a gun. This article will focus on US Navy shipboard rangekeepers, but the basic principles of operation are applicable to all rangekeepers regardless of where they are deployed.A rangekeeper is defined as an analog fire control system that performed three functions: Target trackingThe rangekeeper continuously computed the current target bearing. This is a difficult task because both the target and the ship firing (generally referred to as "own ship") are moving. This requires knowing the target's range, course, and speed accurately. It also requires accurately knowing the own ship's course and speed. Target position predictionWhen a gun is fired, it takes time for the projectile to arrive at the target. The rangekeeper must predict where the target will be at the time of projectile arrival. This is the point at which the guns are aimed. Gunfire correctionDirecting the fire of a long-range weapon to deliver a projectile to a specific location requires many calculations. The projectile point of impact is a function of many variables, including: gun azimuth, gun elevation, wind speed and direction, air resistance, gravity, latitude, gun/sight parallax, barrel wear, powder load, and projectile type.During WWII, all the major warring powers developed rangekeepers to different levels. Rangekeepers were only one member of a class of electromechanical computers used for fire control during World War II. Related analog computing hardware used by the United States included: Norden bombsight US bombers used the Norden bombsight, which used similar technology to the rangekeeper for predicting bomb impact points. Torpedo Data Computer (TDC) US submarines used the TDC to compute torpedo launch angles. This device also had a rangekeeping function that was referred to as "position keeping." This was the only submarine-based fire control computer during World War II that performed target tracking. Because space within a submarine hull is limited, the TDC designers overcame significant packaging challenges in order to mount the TDC within the allocated volume. M-9/SCR-584 Anti-Aircraft SystemThis equipment was used to direct air defense artillery. It made a particularly good account of itself against the V-1 flying bombs.During World War II, rangekeeper capabilities were expanded to the point where the name rangekeeper was deemed to be inadequate. The name computer, which had been reserved for human calculators, then began to be applied to the rangekeeper equipment. After World War II, digital computers began to replace rangekeepers. However, components of the analog rangekeeper system continued in service with the US Navy until the 1990s. The performance of these analog computers was impressive. The battleship USS North Carolina during a 1945 test was able to maintain an accurate firing solution on a target during a series of high-speed turns. It is a major advantage for a warship to be able to maneuver while engaging a target.Night naval engagements at long range became feasible when radar data could be input to the rangekeeper. The effectiveness of this combination was demonstrated in November 1942 at the Third Battle of Savo Island when the USS Washington engaged the Japanese battlecruiser Kirishima at a range of 8,400 yards (7.7 km) at night. The Kirishima was set aflame, suffered a number of explosions, and was scuttled by her crew. She had been hit by nine 16-inch (410 mm) rounds out of 75 fired (12% hit rate).The wreck of the Kirishima was discovered in 1992 and showed that the entire bow section of the ship was missing.The Japanese during World War II did not develop radar or automated fire control to the level of the US Navy and were at a significant disadvantage. Even the British did not adopt gyroscopic stabilization of their guns until quite late in the history of rangekeepers.Rangekeepers were very large, and the ship designs needed to make provisions to accommodate them. For example, the Ford Mk 1A Computer weighed 3,150 pounds (1,430 kg) The Mk. 1/1A's mechanism support plates, some an inch (25 mm) thick, were made of aluminum alloy, but nevertheless, the computer is very heavy. On at least one refloated museum ship, the destroyer USS Cassin Young (now in Boston), the computer and Stable Element more than likely still are below decks, because they are so difficult to remove.The rangekeepers also required a large number of electrical signal cables for synchro data transmission links over which they received information from the various sensors (e.g. gun director, Pitometer, rangefinder, gyrocompass) and sent commands to the guns.".
- Rangekeeper thumbnail FordMk1Rangekeeper.jpg?width=300.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageExternalLink ford.htm.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageExternalLink index.htm.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageExternalLink ArgoAimCorrector.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageExternalLink USNTMJ-200F-0086-0124%20Report%20O-32.pdf.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageExternalLink article_hone1_doctrine.doc.htm.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageExternalLink index.htm.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageID "7272050".
- Rangekeeper wikiPageLength "33626".
- Rangekeeper wikiPageOutDegree "76".
- Rangekeeper wikiPageRevisionID "631685913".
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Addition.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Air_resistance.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Analog_computer.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Analog_computers.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Antikythera_mechanism.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Artillery_observer.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Artillery_spotting.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Azimuth.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Ball-and-disk_integrator.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Ballistic_coefficient.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Ballistics.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Jutland.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Battlecruiser.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Battleship.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Category:Analog_computers.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Category:Artillery_components.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Category:Artillery_operation.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Category:Electro-mechanical_computers.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Category:Military_computers.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Category:Naval_artillery.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Coriolis_effect.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Derivative.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Differential_(mechanical_device).
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Differential_gear.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Director_(military).
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Drag_(physics).
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Dumaresq.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Elevation.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink External_ballistics.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Fire-control_system.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Flight_dynamics.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Frederic_Charles_Dreyer.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Gravity.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Gulf_War.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Gun_barrel.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Gun_data_computer.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Gunpowder.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Gyrocompass.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Humidity.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Imperial_Japanese_Navy.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Indirect_fire.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Integral.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Integrator.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Kerrison_Predictor.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Latitude.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Meteorological.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Meteorology.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Multiplication.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Norden_bombsight.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Parallax.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Pelorus_(instrument).
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Pitometer_log.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Plotting_board.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Projectile.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Radar.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Rangefinder.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink SCR-584_radar.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Servomechanism.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Slide_rule.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Subtraction.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Temperature.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Torpedo_Data_Computer.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink True_north.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink V-1_(flying_bomb).
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink V-1_flying_bomb.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Warship.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Warships.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink Wind_speed.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink World_War_I.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink World_War_II.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLink File:FordMk1Rangekeeper.jpg.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLinkText "Range Keeper".
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLinkText "Rangekeeper".
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLinkText "computer".
- Rangekeeper wikiPageWikiLinkText "rangekeeper".
- Rangekeeper hasPhotoCollection Rangekeeper.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Cite_book.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Convert.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Details.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Original_research.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Sclass-.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Ship.
- Rangekeeper wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:USS.
- Rangekeeper subject Category:Analog_computers.
- Rangekeeper subject Category:Artillery_components.
- Rangekeeper subject Category:Artillery_operation.
- Rangekeeper subject Category:Electro-mechanical_computers.