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- Phalanx abstract "The phalanx (Ancient Greek: φάλαγξ, Greek: φάλαγγα, phālanga; plural phalanxes or phalanges; Ancient and Modern Greek: φάλαγγες, phālanges) was a rectangular mass military formation, usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed with spears, pikes, sarissas, or similar weapons. The term is particularly (and originally) used to describe the use of this formation in Ancient Greek warfare, although the ancient Greek writers used it to also describe any massed infantry formation, regardless of its equipment, as does Arrian in his Array against the Alans when he refers to his legions. In Greek texts, the phalanx may be deployed for battle, on the march, even camped, thus describing the mass of infantry or cavalry that would deploy in line during battle. They marched forward as one entity. The word phalanx is derived from the Greek word phalangos, meaning finger.The term itself, as used today, does not refer to a distinctive military unit or division (e.g., the Roman legion or the contemporary Western-type battalion) but to the general formation of an army's troops. Thus a phalanx does not have a standard combat strength or composition but includes the total number of infantry, which is or will be deployed in action in a single phalanx formation.Many spear-armed troops historically fought in what might be termed phalanx-like formations. The word has come into use in common English to describe "a group of people standing, or moving forward closely together"; c.f. "a phalanx of police".This article focuses on the use of the military phalanx formation in Ancient Greece, the Hellenistic world, and other ancient states heavily influenced by Greek civilization.The earliest known depiction of a phalanx-like formation occurs in a Sumerian stele from the 25th century BC. Here the troops seem to have been equipped with spears, helmets, and large shields covering the whole body. Ancient Egyptian infantry were known to have employed similar formations. The first usage of the term phalanx comes from Homer's "(φαλαγξ)", used to describe hoplites fighting in an organized battle line. Homer used the term to differentiate the formation-based combat from the individual duels so often found in his poems.Historians have not arrived at a consensus about the relationship between the Greek formation and these predecessors of the hoplites. The principles of shield wall and spear hedge were almost universally known among the armies of major civilizations throughout history, and so the similarities may be related to convergent evolution instead of diffusion.Traditionally historians date the origin of the hoplite phalanx of ancient Greece to the 8th century BC in Sparta, but this is under revision. It is perhaps more likely that the formation was devised in the 7th century BC after the introduction of the aspis by the city of Argos, which would have made the formation possible. This is further evidenced by the Chigi vase, dated to 650 BC, identifying hoplites armed with aspis, spear and panoply.Another possible theory as to the birth of Greek phalanx warfare stems from the idea that some of the basic aspects of the phalanx were present in earlier times yet were not fully developed due to the lack of appropriate technology. Two of the basic strategies seen in earlier warfare include the principle of cohesion and the use of large groups of soldiers. This would suggest that the Greek phalanx was rather the culmination and perfection of a slowly developed idea which originated many years earlier. As weaponry and armour advanced through the years in different city-states the phalanx became complex and effective.".
- Phalanx thumbnail Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01a.jpg?width=300.
- Phalanx wikiPageExternalLink books?id=6HXXUQL8hAIC&printsec=frontcover.
- Phalanx wikiPageExternalLink 2006-02-14.html.
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- Phalanx wikiPageExternalLink The_Apamea_Phalangarius.
- Phalanx wikiPageExternalLink the-othismos-myths-and-heresies-the-nature-of-hoplite-battle-bj9wmnsLqp.
- Phalanx wikiPageExternalLink polybius-maniple.html.
- Phalanx wikiPageExternalLink phalanx.html.
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- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink 25th_century_BC.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Adrian_Goldsworthy.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Alexander_the_Great.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Alfred_A._Knopf.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink American_Civil_War.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Egypt.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Egyptian.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Greece.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Macedonian_army.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Archaic_Greece.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Archaic_period_in_Greece.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Argos.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Armour.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Arrian.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Aspis.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Athenian.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Athens.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Blenheim.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC).
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Cynoscephalae.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Delium.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Flodden.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Lechaeum.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Leuctra.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Magnesia.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Mantinea_(362_BC).
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Marathon.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Plataea.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Pydna.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Thermopylae.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Bayonet.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Bow_(weapon).
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Bow_and_arrow.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Breastplate.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Bronze.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Burgundian_Wars.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Category:Ancient_Greek_military_terminology.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Category:Infantry_units_and_formations_of_Macedon.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Cavalry.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Charles_the_Bold.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Chigi_vase.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink City-state.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Classical_Greece.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Companion_cavalry.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Confederate_Army.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Confederate_States_Army.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Consensus.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Consensus_decision-making.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Convergent_evolution.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Cornell_University_Press.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Darius_I.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Diadochi.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Dory_(spear).
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Duel.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Early_Middle_Ages.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Epameinondas.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Epaminondas.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Finger.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink George_Cawkwell.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Greave.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Greco-Persian_Wars.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Hasta_(spear).
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Heavy_infantry.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Hellenistic.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Hellenistic_civilization.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Hellenistic_period.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Helmet.
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- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Historian.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom).
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Homer.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Hoplite.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Hoplites.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Hoplon.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Iphicrates.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Javelin_throw.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Landsknecht.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Landsknechts.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Lochagos.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Lochos.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Low_Countries.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Macedon.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom).
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Macedonian_phalanx.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Middle_Ages.
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Mora_(military_unit).
- Phalanx wikiPageWikiLink Napoleon.