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- Lichen_morphology abstract "Lichen morphology includes lichen growth forms used to group lichens by "vegetative" thallus types, and forms of "non-vegetative" reproductive parts. Some lichen thalli have the aspect of leaves (foliose lichens); others cover the substrate like a crust (crustose lichens) (illustration, right), others such as the genus Ramalina adopt shrubby forms (fruticose lichens), and there are gelatinous lichens such as the genus Collema.Although the form of a lichen is determined by the genetic material of the fungal partner, association with a photobiont is required for the development of that form. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as an undifferentiated mass of hyphae. If combined with its photobiont under appropriate conditions, its characteristic form emerges, in the process called morphogenesis. In a few remarkable cases, a single lichen fungus can develop into two very different lichen forms when associating with either a green algal or a cyanobacterial symbiont. Quite naturally, these alternative forms were at first considered to be different species, until they were found growing in a conjoined manner.There is evidence to suggest that the lichen symbiosis is parasitic or commensalistic, rather than mutualistic. The photosynthetic partner can exist in nature independently of the fungal partner, but not vice versa. Furthermore, photobiont cells are routinely destroyed in the course of nutrient exchange. The association is able to continue because reproduction of the photobiont cells matches the rate at which they are destroyed.Under magnification, a section through a typical foliose lichen thallus reveals four layers of interlaced fungal filaments. The uppermost layer is formed by densely agglutinated fungal hyphae building a protective outer layer called the cortex, which can reach several hundred μm in thickness. This cortex may be further topped by an epicortex 0.6-1μm thick in some Parmeliaceae, which may be with or without pores, and is secreted by cells—it is not itself cellular. In lichens that include both green algal and cyanobacterial symbionts, the cyanobacteria may be held on the upper or lower surface in small pustules called cephalodia. Beneath the upper cortex is an algal layer composed of algal cells embedded in rather densely interwoven fungal hyphae. Each cell or group of cells of the photobiont is usually individually wrapped by hyphae, and in some cases penetrated by an haustorium. Beneath this algal layer is a third layer of loosely interwoven fungal hyphae without algal cells. This layer is called the medulla. Beneath the medulla, the bottom surface resembles the upper surface and is called the lower cortex, again consisting of densely packed fungal hyphae. The lower cortex often bears rootlike fungal structures known as rhizines, which serve to attach the thallus to the substrate on which it grows. Lichens also sometimes contain structures made from fungal metabolites, for example crustose lichens sometimes have a polysaccharide layer in the cortex. Although each lichen thallus generally appears homogeneous, some evidence seems to suggest that the fungal component may consist of more than one genetic individual of that species. This seems to also be true of the photobiont species involved.The rhizene is the "root" that anchors the lichen to the substrate in a foliose lichen.A podetium (plural podetia) is a lichenized stem-like structure of an apothecium rising from the primary body of the thallus. Since it is part of the reproductive tissue, it is not considered part of the thallus. Since it is part of the reproductive tissue, it is not considered part of the thallus. The podetium may be branched, and sometimes cup-like.Since it is part of the reproductive tissue, it is not considered part of the thallus. They usually bear the pycnidia or apothecia or both.".
- Lichen_morphology thumbnail Flavoparmelia_caperata_-_lichen_-_Caperatflechte.jpg?width=300.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageID "43888881".
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageLength "5500".
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageOutDegree "31".
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageRevisionID "626365187".
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Apothecia.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Apothecium.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Ascocarp.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Category:Lichens.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Category:Morphology_(biology).
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Cephalodium.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Collema.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Commensalism.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Cortex_(botany).
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink DNA.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Haustorium.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Hypha.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Lichen_growth_forms.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Lower_cortex.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Metabolite.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Morphogenesis.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Mutualism_(biology).
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Nutrient.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Parasitism.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Podetia.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Podetium.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Polysaccharide.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Pycnidia.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Pycnidium.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Ramalina.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Rhizines.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Substrate_(biology).
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Thallus.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Thallus_(tissue).
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink Wikt:medulla.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink File:Common_orange_lichen_-_Gewöhnliche_Gelbflechte_-_Xanthoria_parietina_-_04.jpg.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink File:Flavoparmelia_caperata_-_lichen_-_Caperatflechte.jpg.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageWikiLink File:N2_Lichen.jpg.
- Lichen_morphology hasPhotoCollection Lichen_morphology.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Lichen_morphology wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:See.
- Lichen_morphology subject Category:Lichens.
- Lichen_morphology subject Category:Morphology_(biology).
- Lichen_morphology comment "Lichen morphology includes lichen growth forms used to group lichens by "vegetative" thallus types, and forms of "non-vegetative" reproductive parts.".
- Lichen_morphology label "Lichen morphology".
- Lichen_morphology sameAs m.011x4fq2.
- Lichen_morphology sameAs Q18169329.
- Lichen_morphology sameAs Q18169329.
- Lichen_morphology wasDerivedFrom Lichen_morphology?oldid=626365187.
- Lichen_morphology depiction Flavoparmelia_caperata_-_lichen_-_Caperatflechte.jpg.
- Lichen_morphology isPrimaryTopicOf Lichen_morphology.