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- Isotopes_of_astatine abstract "Astatine (At) has 37 known isotopes, all of which are radioactive; the range of their mass numbers is from 191 to 229. There also exist 23 metastable excited states. The longest-lived isotope is 210At, which has a half-life of 8.1 hours; the longest-lived isotope existing in naturally occurring decay chains is 219At with a half-life of 56 seconds.There are 32 known isotopes of astatine, with atomic masses (mass numbers) of 191 and 193–223. No stable or even long-lived astatine isotope is known, and no such isotope is expected to exist.Astatine has 23 nuclear isomers (nuclei with one or more nucleons – protons or neutrons – in an excited state). A nuclear isomer may also be called a "meta-state"; this means the system has more internal energy than the "ground state" (the state with the lowest possible internal energy), making the former likely to decay into the latter. There may be more than one isomer for each isotope. The most stable of them is astatine-202m1, which has a half-life of about 3 minutes; this is longer than those of all ground states except those of isotopes 203–211 and 220. The least stable one is astatine-214m1; its half-life of 265 ns is shorter than those of all ground states except that of astatine-213.Alpha decay energy follows the same trend as for other heavy elements. Lighter astatine isotopes have quite high energies of alpha decay, which become lower as the nuclei become heavier. However, astatine-211 has a significantly higher energy than the previous isotope; it has a nucleus with 126 neutrons, and 126 is a magic number (corresponding to a filled neutron shell). Despite having a similar half-life time as the previous isotope (8.1 hours for astatine-210 and 7.2 hours for astatine-211), the alpha decay probability is much higher for the latter: 41.8 percent versus just 0.18 percent. The two following isotopes release even more energy, with astatine-213 releasing the highest amount of energy of all astatine isotopes. For this reason, it is the shortest-lived astatine isotope. Even though heavier astatine isotopes release less energy, no long-lived astatine isotope exists; this happens due to the increasing role of beta decay. This decay mode is especially important for astatine: as early as 1950, it was postulated that the element has no beta-stable isotopes (i.e., ones that do not undergo beta decay at all). A beta decay mode has been found for all astatine isotopes except for astatine-213, astatine-214, astatine-215, and astatine-216m. Among other isotopes: astatine-210 and the lighter isotopes decay by positron emission); astatine-216 and the heavier isotopes undergo beta decay; astatine-212 decays via either ways; and astatine-211 decays by electron capture instead.The most stable isotope of astatine is At-210, which has a half-life of about 8.1 hours. This isotope's primary decay mode is positron emission to the relatively long-lived alpha emitter, polonium-210. In total, only five isotopes of astatine have half-lives exceeding one hour: those between 207 and 211. The least stable ground state isotope is astatine-213, with a half-life of about 125 nanoseconds. It undergoes alpha decay to the extremely long-lived isotope (in practice, a stable one) bismuth-209.".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageExternalLink nudat2.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageExternalLink pdf.
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- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Alpha_decay.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Astatine.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Beta_decay.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Bismuth-209.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Brookhaven_National_Laboratory.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink CRC_Press.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Category:Isotopes_of_astatine.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Category:Lists_of_isotopes_by_element.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Decay_chain.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Electron_capture.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Excited_state.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Ground_state.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Half-life.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Internal_energy.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Isomeric_transition.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Isotope.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_polonium.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Magic_number_(physics).
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Metastability.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Metastable.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Nanosecond.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink National_Nuclear_Data_Center.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Nauka_(publisher).
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Neutron.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_Physics_(journal).
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_Physics_A.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_isomer.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Nucleon.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Polonium-210.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Positron_emission.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Proton.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Radioactive.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Radioactive_decay.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLink Talk:Isotopes_of_astatine.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-191".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-192".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-193".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-194".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-195".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-196".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-197".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-198".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-199".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-200".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-201".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-202".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-203".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-204".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-205".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-206".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-207".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-208".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-209".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-210".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-211".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-212".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-213".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-214".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-215".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-216".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-217".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-218".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-219".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-220".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-221".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-222".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "Isotopes of astatine#Astatine-223".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageWikiLinkText "isotopes of astatine".
- Isotopes_of_astatine date "February 2012".
- Isotopes_of_astatine element "astatine".
- Isotopes_of_astatine hasPhotoCollection Isotopes_of_astatine.
- Isotopes_of_astatine heavier "Isotopes of radon".
- Isotopes_of_astatine lighter "Isotopes of polonium".
- Isotopes_of_astatine reason "Why does the alpha decay probability jump around so much for lighter than astatine-210?".
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Astatine_decay_characteristics.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Cite_book.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Cite_journal.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Cite_web.
- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Clarify.
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- Isotopes_of_astatine wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Isotope_nav.
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- Isotopes_of_astatine subject Category:Isotopes_of_astatine.
- Isotopes_of_astatine subject Category:Lists_of_isotopes_by_element.
- Isotopes_of_astatine type Article.