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- Geology_of_South_Wales abstract "South Wales is an area with many features of outstanding interest to geologists, who have for long used the area for University field trips. This varied and accessible region has provided a written record of geological interest that dates to the 12th century, when Giraldus Cambrensis noted pyritous shales near Newport. Some of the first published representations of fossils were of fossil plants from coal measures near Neath (Gibson late 17th century). The British geologists Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison did fundamentally important work in South Wales on Old Red Sandstone and the underlying rocks. The first volume of memoirs (1846) published by the Geological Survey contained a conspectus of the geology of South Wales that set a template for all future work.Significant discoveries continue to be made. For instance, in Carmarthenshire, in the late 70s, John Cope detected a small area of Precambrian and Cambrian rocks. Other parts of South Wales, however, have not seen a Geological Survey officer since the mid-19th century. The geology of south Wales was central to the massive contribution Wales made to the Industrial Revolution.Several successive periods are represented, including all of the Palaeozoic periods. Pembrokeshire has outcrops of both Precambrian and Cambrian (542-488 million years ago) rocks. A notable feature of the Ordovician system (488-444 million years old) is a major subsidence area, or basin, which later filled with substantial thicknesses of mostly sandy and muddy sediment. The line of the shallower continental shelf area, to the south-east, ran approximately from the Long Mynd (in Shropshire) to Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire. Some volcanic action also occurred. This thick sedimentary deposition continued into the Silurian period (444-416 million years old). Silurian volcanicity led to production of lavas at localised sites such as Skomer Island.Silurian rocks are widely distributed in south Wales and are well displayed on the Cardiganshire coast. The Silurian and earlier rocks were folded, faulted, and distorted several times, notably during the late Ordovician, and late Silurian, by which time the area had begun to rise above sea level as mountain ranges were uplifted to the north-west. This was caused by the collision of a proto-North America ("Laurentia") and the present southern Britain ("Eastern Avalonia"). The intervening sea, the Iapetus Ocean, closed as a result of plate tectonic movements, similar to those that now close the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa.The succeeding Devonian period (416-359 million years ago) saw mostly alluvial deposits ("Old Red Sandstone"), which were interrupted by major uplift. Following this, the land subsided again in the Carboniferous period (359-299 million years ago). In the early Carboniferous period, limestones were deposited on a continental shelf, which deepened towards the south where there was a major sea area. During earth movements caused by the approach of a continent from the south, sea shallowing led to thick alluvial and coastal plain sediments (see below) containing economic developments of coal. Carboniferous Limestone outcrops occur in south Pembrokeshire, the Gower Peninsula, the Vale of Glamorgan and around the edge of the coalfield.At the end of the Carboniferous, during Permian (299-251 my ago) time, Wales is thought to have been a landmass. Only in late Triassic (251-200 my ago) times did deposition return, with coarse-grained screes forming around a series of low but rugged hills. Continuing deposition led to the formation of the early Jurassic deposits of mudstones and muddy limestones (the "Lias"). Deposits later than this are almost completely absent, although the Chalk sea probably covered most of Wales between 100 and 66 million years ago. Any such later deposits have been eroded away.One of the geological rarities of south Wales is the coastline of St Brides Major at Ogmore-by-Sea and Southerndown. Its cliffs are composed partly of earliest Jurassic Sutton stone, a rare freestone that is a marginal or coastal deposit derived in part from erosion of carboniferous limestone. Sutton stone has always been highly regarded: as well as being used in construction throughout the Vale of Glamorgan, it was also shipped over the Bristol Channel to North Devon and North Cornwall, which are both deficient in limestone.A major geological feature of the Upper Carboniferous rocks in south Wales is the south Wales coalfield. The rocks comprising this important area were laid down during the later Carboniferous. This sedimentary succession includes a sequence with a thickness of more than 1,800 m (5,906 ft) in the west. The coal measures were laid down on a low-lying waterlogged plain with peat mires immediately south of an ancient and persistent geological feature known as the Wales-London-Brabant High. Burial converted the peat deposits to thinner coal seams. Later earth movements distorted the coal-bearing strata, and the difficulty of mining led to premature closure of many mines on economic grounds, especially in Pembrokeshire where seams were squeezed completely out of shape.".
- Geology_of_South_Wales thumbnail Geologic_map_Wales_&_SW_England_EN.svg?width=300.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageID "4924818".
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageLength "6449".
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageOutDegree "68".
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageRevisionID "683259237".
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Adam_Sedgwick.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Avalonia.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Bristol_Channel.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink British_Geological_Survey.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Cambrian.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Carboniferous.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Carboniferous_Limestone.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Carmarthenshire.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Category:Geology_of_Wales.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Ceredigion.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Cliff.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Coal_measure.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Coal_measures.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Continental_shelf.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Devonian.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Fossil.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Freestone_(masonry).
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Geography_of_Wales.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Geological_Survey.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Geological_survey.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Geologist.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Geology_of_Wales.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Gerald_of_Wales.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Giraldus_Cambrensis.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Gower_Peninsula.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Haverfordwest.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Iapetus_Ocean.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Industrial_Revolution.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Jurassic.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Laurentia.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Limestone.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Long_Mynd.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Mediterranean_Sea.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Neath.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Newport,_Wales.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink North_Cornwall.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink North_Devon.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Ogmore-by-Sea.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Old_Red_Sandstone.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Ordovician.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Palaeozoic.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Paleozoic.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Pembrokeshire.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Period_(geology).
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Permian.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Precambrian.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Roderick_Murchison.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Shale.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Shropshire.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Silurian.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Skomer.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Skomer_Island.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink South_Pembrokeshire.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink South_Wales.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink South_Wales_Coalfield.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink South_Wales_coalfield.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Southerndown.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink St_Brides_Major_(community).
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Sutton_stone.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Triassic.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Vale_of_Glamorgan.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Wales.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink Wales-London-Brabant_High.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLink File:Geologic_map_Wales_&_SW_England_EN.svg.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLinkText "Geology of South Wales".
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLinkText "South Wales".
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLinkText "geology".
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLinkText "layer cake".
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageWikiLinkText "regional trend".
- Geology_of_South_Wales hasPhotoCollection Geology_of_South_Wales.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Convert.
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- Geology_of_South_Wales wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Geology_of_South_Wales subject Category:Geology_of_Wales.
- Geology_of_South_Wales hypernym Area.
- Geology_of_South_Wales type Article.
- Geology_of_South_Wales type Place.
- Geology_of_South_Wales type Article.
- Geology_of_South_Wales comment "South Wales is an area with many features of outstanding interest to geologists, who have for long used the area for University field trips. This varied and accessible region has provided a written record of geological interest that dates to the 12th century, when Giraldus Cambrensis noted pyritous shales near Newport. Some of the first published representations of fossils were of fossil plants from coal measures near Neath (Gibson late 17th century).".
- Geology_of_South_Wales label "Geology of South Wales".
- Geology_of_South_Wales sameAs Q5535403.
- Geology_of_South_Wales sameAs Q5535403.
- Geology_of_South_Wales wasDerivedFrom Geology_of_South_Wales?oldid=683259237.
- Geology_of_South_Wales depiction Geologic_map_Wales_&_SW_England_EN.svg.
- Geology_of_South_Wales isPrimaryTopicOf Geology_of_South_Wales.