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- Former_people abstract "In Russian language and culture, "former people" (Russian: Бывшие люди) are people who lost their social status, an expression somewhat similar to the English one, "has-beens". The expression went into a wide circulation in the Russian Empire after the 1897 short story of Maxim Gorky, Бывшие люди, translated in English as Creatures That Once Were Men, about people fallen from prosperity into an abyss of misery. After the October Revolution the expression referred to people who lost their social status after the revolution: aristocracy, imperial military, bureaucracy, clergy, etc.While the "former people" of Gorky were the object of pity and compassion, from the very first days of the Soviet power, the "former people" in the new meaning had become a target of severe persecution of various kinds. In fact, during the wave of repressions after the assassination of Sergey Kirov, NKVD carried out Operation "Former People", in the course of which during March 1935 over 11,000 of "former people" were arrested or deported from Leningrad (whose Communist Party organization Kirov headed and where he was killed), according to Directive № 29 of February 27, 1935 "О выселении контрреволюционного элемента из Ленинграда и пригородных районов в отдаленные районы страны". In April, NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda expanded the scope of the operation to cleanse the border region of Leningrad Oblast and Karelian ASSR from further 22,000 "formers". Further 8,000 were deported from the area during the so-called "passport operations".During the peak of the Great Purge the cleansing of the country from the "former people" was explained by the necessity to eliminate the "insurgence base" in the case of a war.The 1939 NKVD Order No. 001223, which established the detailed bureaucratic procedures for keeping track of "anti-Soviet and socially alien elements", defined the category of "former people" as follows: "former tsarist and White Army administration, former dvoryans [Russian nobility], pomeshchiks (noble landowners), merchants and petty merchants, those who employ hired labor, industrialists, and others".The numbers of "former people" were millions. According to various estimates, in 1913 in Russia there were between 22 and 35 million relatively wealthy people, counting both urban and rural population.The award-winning book of historian Douglas Smith, Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy traces the calamities of two representative aristocratic families, the Golitsyns and the Sheremetevs.".
- Former_people wikiPageID "47259195".
- Former_people wikiPageLength "4944".
- Former_people wikiPageOutDegree "24".
- Former_people wikiPageRevisionID "680067174".
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Anti-Soviet.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Anti-Sovietism.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Category:Forced_migration_in_the_Soviet_Union.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_Russia.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Category:Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Category:Russian_population_groups.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Congress_of_Soviets.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Dvoryans.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Enemy_of_the_people.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Genrikh_Yagoda.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Golitsyns.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Great_Purge.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink House_of_Golitsyn.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Karelian_ASSR.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Karelian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Leningrad.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Leningrad_Oblast.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Lishenets.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Maxim_Gorky.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink NKVD.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink NKVD_Order_No._001223.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink October_Revolution.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Russian_Empire.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Russian_nobility.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Saint_Petersburg.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Sergey_Kirov.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Sheremetev.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Socially_alien.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Soviet_power.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink White_Army.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink White_movement.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLink Wikt:has-been.
- Former_people wikiPageWikiLinkText "Former people".
- Former_people hasPhotoCollection Former_people.
- Former_people wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Ill.
- Former_people wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Lang-ru.
- Former_people wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Former_people subject Category:Forced_migration_in_the_Soviet_Union.
- Former_people subject Category:History_of_Russia.
- Former_people subject Category:Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union.
- Former_people subject Category:Russian_population_groups.
- Former_people hypernym People.
- Former_people type EthnicGroup.
- Former_people comment "In Russian language and culture, "former people" (Russian: Бывшие люди) are people who lost their social status, an expression somewhat similar to the English one, "has-beens". The expression went into a wide circulation in the Russian Empire after the 1897 short story of Maxim Gorky, Бывшие люди, translated in English as Creatures That Once Were Men, about people fallen from prosperity into an abyss of misery.".
- Former_people label "Former people".
- Former_people sameAs Q20744040.
- Former_people sameAs Q20744040.
- Former_people wasDerivedFrom Former_people?oldid=680067174.
- Former_people isPrimaryTopicOf Former_people.