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- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba abstract "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel (Piedrahita, 29 October 1507 – Lisbon, 11 December 1582), known as the Grand Duke of Alba in Spain and the Iron Duke in the Netherlands, was a Spanish noble, general, and diplomat. He was titled the 3rd Duke of Alba de Tormes, 4th Marquis of Coria, 3rd Count of Salvatierra de Tormes, 2nd Count of Piedrahita, 8th Lord of Valdecorneja, Grandee of Spain, and a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. His motto in Latin was Deo patrum Nostrorum, which in English means "To the God of our fathers".He was an adviser of King Charles I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor), and his successor, Philip II of Spain, Mayordomo mayor of both, member of their Councils of State and War, governor of the Duchy of Milan (1555–1556), viceroy of the Kingdom of Naples (1556–1558), governor of the Netherlands (1567–1573) and viceroy and constable of the Kingdom of Portugal (1580–1582). He represented Philip II in negotiating Philip's betrothal to Elisabeth of Valois and Anna of Austria, who were the third and fourth - and last wives of the king.He is considered the best general of his generation by some historians and one of the best generals ever. Although a tough leader, he was respected by his troops. The speeches where he referred to "gentlemen soldiers" were liked by his troops. Alba especially distinguished himself in the conquest of Tunis (1535) during the Ottoman-Habsburg wars when Carlos I defeated Hayreddin Barbarossa and returned the Spanish Monarchy to predominance over the western Mediterranean Sea. He also distinguished himself in the battle of Mühlberg (1547), where the army of Emperor Charles defeated the German Protestant princes.He is best known for his actions against the revolt of the Netherlands, where he instituted the Council of Troubles, and repeatedly defeated the troops of William of Orange and Louis of Nassau in the battle of Jemmingen (1568) during the first stages of the Eighty Years' War. He is also known for the brutalities during the capture of Mechelen, Zutphen, Naarden and Haarlem. In spite of these military successes, the Dutch revolt was not broken and Alba was recalled to Spain. His last military successes were in the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, winning the Battle of Alcantara and conquering that kingdom for Philip II. Spain unified all the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula and consequently expanded its overseas territories.".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba activeYearsEndDate "1582-12-11".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba activeYearsStartDate "1580-07-18".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Battle_of_Alcântara_(1580).
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Battle_of_Jemmingen.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Battle_of_Jodoigne.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Battle_of_Mühlberg.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Capitulation_of_Wittenberg.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535).
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Dutch_Revolt.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Italian_War_of_1542–46.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Ottoman–Habsburg_wars.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Schmalkaldic_War.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Siege_of_Mons_(1572).
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle Siege_of_Perpignan_(1542).
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba battle War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba birthDate "1507-10-29".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba birthPlace Piedrahíta.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba birthPlace Province_of_Ávila.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba birthPlace Spain.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba child Fadrique_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_4th_Duke_of_Alba.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba child Fernando_de_Toledo.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba country Habsburg_Spain.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba deathDate "1582-12-11".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba deathPlace Kingdom_of_Portugal.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba deathPlace Lisbon.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba monarch Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba monarch Philip_II_of_Spain.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba orderInOffice "12thConstable of Portugal".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba orderInOffice "1stViceroy of Portugal and the Algarves".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba orderInOffice "Governor of Milan".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba orderInOffice "Governor of the Netherlands".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba orderInOffice "Viceroy of Naples".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba religion Catholicism.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba successor Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba successor Cristoforo_Madruzzo.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba successor Fadrique_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_4th_Duke_of_Alba.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba successor Luis_de_Requesens_y_Zúñiga.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba successor Teodósio_II,_Duke_of_Braganza.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba thumbnail Tizian_060.jpg?width=300.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageExternalLink titintro.htm.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageExternalLink catlogodelascol00lirigoog_djvu.txt.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageID "328744".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageLength "34157".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageOutDegree "267".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageRevisionID "671934664".
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Alba_de_Tormes.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Alfonso_dAvalos.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Alonso_Pimentel_y_Enríquez.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Ana_de_Mendoza,_Princess_of_Eboli.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Ana_de_Mendoza_de_la_Cerda.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Anne_of_Austria.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Antonio_Pérez.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Antonio_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_5th_Duke_of_Alba.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Antonio_Álvarez_de_Toledo_y_Beaumont.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink António,_Prior_of_Crato.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Alcantara_(1580).
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Alcácer_Quibir.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Alcântara_(1580).
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Jemmingen.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Jodoigne.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Mühlberg.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557).
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Benavente,_Zamora.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Benedictine.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Bernardino_de_Mendoza_(Captain_General).
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Black_Legend.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Bona_Sforza.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Brussels.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Cagliari.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Calvinism.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Calvinist.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Capitulation_of_Wittenberg.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Cardinal_(Catholicism).
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Castle_of_La_Mota.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:1507_births.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:1582_deaths.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:16th-century_Spanish_people.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Anti-Protestantism.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Catholicism-related_controversies.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Dukes_of_Alba.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Eighty_Years_War.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Grandees_of_Spain.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:House_of_Alba.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Spanish_Roman_Catholics.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Spanish_generals.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Spanish_people_of_the_Eighty_Years_War.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Spanish_politicians.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Viceroys_of_Catalonia.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Viceroys_of_Naples.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Viceroys_of_Portugal.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Category:Álvarez_de_Toledo_family.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Catholic.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Catholicism.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Charles_I_of_Spain.
- Fernando_Álvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba wikiPageWikiLink Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor.