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- Executive_Order_9981 abstract "Executive Order 9981 was an executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.In 1947, A. Philip Randolph, along with colleague Grant Reynolds, renewed efforts to end discrimination in the armed services, forming the Committee Against Jim Crow in Military Service and Training, later renamed the League for Non-Violent Civil Disobedience Against Military Segregation.Truman's Order expanded on Executive Order 8802 by establishing equality of treatment and opportunity in the military for people of all races, religions, or national origins.The order's operative statement is:It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effectuate any necessary changes without impairing efficiency or morale.The order also established a committee to investigate and make recommendations to the civilian leadership of the military to implement the policy.The order eliminated Montford Point as a segregated marine boot camp. It became a satellite facility of Camp Lejeune.Most of the actual enforcement of the order was accomplished by President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration (1953-1961), including the desegregation of military schools, hospitals, and bases. The last of the all-black units in the United States military was abolished in September 1954.Kenneth Claiborne Royall, Secretary of the Army since 1947, was forced into retirement in April 1949 for continuing to refuse to desegregate the army nearly a year after President Truman's Order.Fifteen years after Truman's order, on July 26, 1963, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara issued Directive 5120.36 obligating military commanders to employ their financial resources against facilities used by soldiers or their families that discriminated based upon sex or race.".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageExternalLink IAF-FM.htm.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageExternalLink 9981.htm.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageID "294326".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageLength "4527".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageOutDegree "29".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageRevisionID "667699663".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink A._Philip_Randolph.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Armed_forces.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Armed_services.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Camp_Gilbert_H._Johnson.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Category:1948_in_law.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Category:1948_in_the_United_States.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Category:20th-century_military_history_of_the_United_States.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Category:African-American_history_between_emancipation_and_the_civil_rights_movement.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Category:African-American_history_of_the_United_States_military.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Category:Executive_orders_of_Harry_S._Truman.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Directive_5120.36.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Executive_Order_8802.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Executive_order.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Executive_order_(United_States).
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink File:Chicago_Defender_July_31_1948.jpg.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Harry_S._Truman.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Jim_Crow_laws.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Lejeune.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Military_history_of_African_Americans.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Montford_Point.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink President_of_the_United_States.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Racial_discrimination.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Racism.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Recruit_training.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Robert_McNamara.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink Robert_S._McNamara.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink U.S._President.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Armed_Forces.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "1948 Executive Order".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "9981".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "Executive Order 9981".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "Executive Orders 9981".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "Executive Orders".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "President Harry S. Truman's racial desegregation of the US military in 1948".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "desegregate".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "desegregation of the U.S. military".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "desegregation of the US Military in 1948".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "end segregation in the military".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "in real-life integrated".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "initiative to integrate the Army".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "integrated the U.S. Army".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "legally desegregated the armed forces in 1948".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "order".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "ordered an end".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "ordered the desegregation".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "racial discrimination in the Armed Forces".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "racial integration".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "the military was ordered to fully integrate".
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageWikiLinkText "the order to desegregate the military".
- Executive_Order_9981 hasPhotoCollection Executive_Order_9981.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Citation_needed.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Harry_S._Truman.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Executive_Order_9981 wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Wikisource.
- Executive_Order_9981 subject Category:1948_in_law.
- Executive_Order_9981 subject Category:1948_in_the_United_States.
- Executive_Order_9981 subject Category:20th-century_military_history_of_the_United_States.
- Executive_Order_9981 subject Category:African-American_history_between_emancipation_and_the_civil_rights_movement.
- Executive_Order_9981 subject Category:African-American_history_of_the_United_States_military.
- Executive_Order_9981 subject Category:Executive_orders_of_Harry_S._Truman.
- Executive_Order_9981 subject Category:History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States.
- Executive_Order_9981 hypernym Order.
- Executive_Order_9981 type Eukaryote.
- Executive_Order_9981 type Right.
- Executive_Order_9981 comment "Executive Order 9981 was an executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.In 1947, A.".
- Executive_Order_9981 label "Executive Order 9981".
- Executive_Order_9981 sameAs Executive_Order_9981.
- Executive_Order_9981 sameAs m.01q_zn.
- Executive_Order_9981 sameAs Q5419908.
- Executive_Order_9981 sameAs Q5419908.
- Executive_Order_9981 sameAs 第9981例行政命令.
- Executive_Order_9981 wasDerivedFrom Executive_Order_9981?oldid=667699663.
- Executive_Order_9981 isPrimaryTopicOf Executive_Order_9981.