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- Cooperativity abstract "Cooperativity is a phenomenon displayed by systems involving identical or near-identical elements, which act non-independently of each other, relative to a hypothetical standard non-interacting system in which the individual elements are acting independently. One manifestation of this are enzymes or receptors that have multiple binding sites where the affinity of the binding sites for a ligand is apparently increased, positive cooperativity, or decreased, negative cooperativity, upon the binding of a ligand to a binding site. For example the affinity of hemoglobin's four binding sites for oxygen is increased above that of the unbound hemoglobin when the first oxygen molecule binds. This is referred to as cooperative binding. We also see cooperativity in large chain molecules made of many identical (or nearly identical) subunits (such as DNA, proteins, and phospholipids), when such molecules undergo phase transitions such as melting, unfolding or unwinding. This is referred to as subunit cooperativity. However, the definition of cooperativity based on apparent increase or decrease in affinity to successive ligand binding steps is problematic, as the concept of "energy" must always be defined in relation to a standard state. And when we say that the affinity is increased upon binding of one ligand, it is empirically unclear what we mean since a non-cooperative binding curve is required to rigorously define binding energy and hence also affinity. A much more general and useful definition of positive cooperativity is: A process involving multiple identical incremental steps, in which intermediate states are statistically underrepresented relative to a hypothetical standard system (null hypothesis) where the steps occur independently of each other. Likewise, a definition of negative cooperativity would be a process involving multiple identical incremental steps, in which the intermediate states are overrepresented relative to a hypothetical standard state in which individual steps occur independently. These latter definitions for positive and negative cooperativity easily encompass all processes which we humans call "cooperative", including conformational transitions in large molecules (such as proteins) and even psychological phenomena of large numbers of people (which can act independently of each other, or in a co-operative fashion).".
- Cooperativity thumbnail Hemoglobin_saturation_curve.svg?width=300.
- Cooperativity wikiPageID "505470".
- Cooperativity wikiPageLength "6870".
- Cooperativity wikiPageOutDegree "46".
- Cooperativity wikiPageRevisionID "619534645".
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Allosteric_regulation.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Binding_site.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Category:Biomolecules.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Category:Cell_signaling.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Category:Chemical_bonding.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Category:Enzyme_kinetics.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Category:Receptors.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Cell_membrane.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Cooperative_binding.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Cooperative_unit_size.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink DNA.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink DNA_replication.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Entropy.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Enzyme.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Ferrous_iron.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Genetic_recombination.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Hemoglobin.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Hyperbolic_function.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Iron(II)_oxide.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Ligand.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Ligands.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Myoglobin.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Nucleotide.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen-hemoglobin_dissociation_curve.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen–hemoglobin_dissociation_curve.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Phospholipid.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Protein.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Receptor_(biochemistry).
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Sigmoid_function.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink Transcription_(genetics).
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLink File:Hemoglobin_saturation_curve.svg.
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLinkText "Cooperativity".
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLinkText "cooperative".
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLinkText "cooperative-binding".
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLinkText "cooperativity".
- Cooperativity wikiPageWikiLinkText "positive cooperativity".
- Cooperativity hasPhotoCollection Cooperativity.
- Cooperativity wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Enzymes.
- Cooperativity wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Refimprove.
- Cooperativity wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Cooperativity subject Category:Biomolecules.
- Cooperativity subject Category:Cell_signaling.
- Cooperativity subject Category:Chemical_bonding.
- Cooperativity subject Category:Enzyme_kinetics.
- Cooperativity subject Category:Receptors.
- Cooperativity hypernym Phenomenon.
- Cooperativity type Article.
- Cooperativity type Biomolecule.
- Cooperativity type Disease.
- Cooperativity type Article.
- Cooperativity type Biomolecule.
- Cooperativity type Product.
- Cooperativity comment "Cooperativity is a phenomenon displayed by systems involving identical or near-identical elements, which act non-independently of each other, relative to a hypothetical standard non-interacting system in which the individual elements are acting independently.".
- Cooperativity label "Cooperativity".
- Cooperativity sameAs Kooperativität.
- Cooperativity sameAs Coopérativité.
- Cooperativity sameAs m.02jhlj.
- Cooperativity sameAs Кооперативность.
- Cooperativity sameAs Kooperativnost_(biohemija).
- Cooperativity sameAs Kooperativnost_(biohemija).
- Cooperativity sameAs Q337217.
- Cooperativity sameAs Q337217.
- Cooperativity wasDerivedFrom Cooperativity?oldid=619534645.
- Cooperativity depiction Hemoglobin_saturation_curve.svg.
- Cooperativity isPrimaryTopicOf Cooperativity.