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- Chalcogen abstract "The chalcogens (/ˈkælkədʒɨnz/) are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the oxygen family. It consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and the radioactive element polonium (Po). The synthetic element livermorium (Lv) is predicted to be a chalcogen as well. Often, oxygen is treated separately from the other chalcogens, sometimes even excluded from the scope of the term "chalcogen" altogether, due to its very different chemical behavior from sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. The word "chalcogen" is derived from a combination of the Greek word khalkόs (χαλκός) principally meaning copper (the term was also used for bronze/brass, any metal in the poetic sense, ore or coin), and the Latinised Greek word genēs, meaning born or produced.Sulfur has been known since antiquity, and oxygen was recognized as an element in the 18th century. Selenium, tellurium and polonium were discovered in the 19th century, and livermorium in 2000. All of the chalcogens have six valence electrons, leaving them two electrons short of a full outer shell. Their most common oxidation states are −2, +2, +4, and +6. They have relatively low atomic radii, especially the lighter ones.Lighter chalcogens are typically nontoxic in their elemental form, and are often critical to life, while the heavier chalcogens are typically toxic. All of the chalcogens have some role in biological functions, either as a nutrient or a toxin. The lighter chalcogens, such as oxygen and sulfur, are rarely toxic and usually helpful in their pure form. Selenium is an important nutrient but is also commonly toxic. Tellurium often has unpleasant effects (although some organisms can use it), and polonium is always extremely harmful, both in its chemical toxicity and its radioactivity.Sulfur has more than 20 allotropes, oxygen has nine, selenium has at least five, polonium has two, and only one crystal structure of tellurium has so far been discovered. There are numerous organic chalcogen compounds. Not counting oxygen, organic sulfur compounds are generally the most common, followed by organic selenium compounds and organic tellurium compounds. This trend also occurs with chalcogen pnictides and compounds containing chalcogens and carbon group elements.Oxygen is generally extracted from air and sulfur is extracted from oil and natural gas. Selenium and tellurium are produced as byproducts of copper refining. Polonium and livermorium are most available in particle accelerators. The primary use of elemental oxygen is in steelmaking. Sulfur is mostly converted into sulfuric acid, which is heavily used in the chemical industry. Selenium's most common application is glassmaking. Tellurium compounds are mostly used in optical disks, electronic devices, and solar cells. Some of polonium's applications are due to its radioactivity.".
- Chalcogen wikiPageID "5905".
- Chalcogen wikiPageLength "70947".
- Chalcogen wikiPageOutDegree "408".
- Chalcogen wikiPageRevisionID "680579299".
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Acetylene.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Acid_strength.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Actinide.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Adenosine_triphosphate.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Aerobic_organism.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Agriculture.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Alchemy.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Alcohol.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Alexander_Litvinenko.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Alkali_metal.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Allotrope.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Allotropes_of_carbon.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Allotropy.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Alpha-particle.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Alpha_decay.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Alpha_particle.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Amino_acid.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Amino_acids.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Amorphous.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Amorphous_solid.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Greece.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Greeks.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Romans.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Rome.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_history.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_world.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Anemia.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Anion.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Anorexia_(symptom).
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Antimony.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Arsenic.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Astragalus.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_nuclei.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_nucleus.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_number.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_orbital.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_radius.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Bacteria.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Base_(chemistry).
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Benzeneselenol.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Beryllium.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Beta_decay.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Bible.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Biochemistry.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Bismuth.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Bismuth(III)_sulfide.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Bismuth_sulfide.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Bismuth_telluride.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Body_odor.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Boride.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Boron_group.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Brass.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Brazil_nut.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Brazil_nuts.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Bronze.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink CD-RW.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Cadmium.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Cadmium_telluride.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Calaverite.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Calcium-48.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Carbene.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Carbon_group.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Catalysis.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Catalyst.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Category:Chalcogens.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Category:Groups_in_the_periodic_table.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Category:Periodic_table.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Cation.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Cattle.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Celsius.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Chalcogenide.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_element.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_industry.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_polarity.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_synthesis.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Chromium.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Coin.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Concrete.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Convulsion.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Convulsions.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Copper.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Copper_ore.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Cosmic_ray.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Crystal_structure.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Cubic_crystal_system.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Curium.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Cysteine.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink D-orbital.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink DNA.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink DVD-RW.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Dermatitis.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Diethyl_sulfide.
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Dimer_(chemistry).
- Chalcogen wikiPageWikiLink Dimethyl_sulfide.