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- Radioactive_decay abstract "Radioactive decay, also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity, is the process by which the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays and conversion electrons. A material that spontaneously emits such radiation is considered radioactive.Radioactive decay is a stochastic (i.e. random) process at the level of single atoms, in that, according to quantum theory, it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay. The chance that a given atom will decay never changes, that is, it does not matter how long the atom has existed. The decay rate for a large collection of atoms, however, can be calculated from their measured decay constants or half-lives. This is the basis of radiometric dating. The half-lives of radioactive atoms have no known lower or upper limit, spanning a time range of over 55 orders of magnitude.A radioactive source emits its decay products isotropically.There are many different types of radioactive decay (see table below). A decay, or loss of energy from the nucleus, results when an atom with one type of nucleus, called the parent radionuclide (or parent radioisotope), transforms into an atom with a nucleus in a different state, or with a nucleus containing a different number of protons and neutrons. The product is called the daughter nuclide. In some decays, the parent and the daughter nuclides are different chemical elements, and thus the decay process results in the creation of an atom of a different element. This is known as a nuclear transmutation.The first decay processes to be discovered were alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay. Alpha decay occurs when the nucleus ejects an alpha particle (helium nucleus). This is the most common process of emitting nucleons, but in rarer types of decays, nuclei can eject protons, or in the case of cluster decay specific nuclei of other elements. Beta decay occurs when the nucleus emits an electron or positron and a neutrino, in a process that changes a proton to a neutron or the other way about. The nucleus may capture an orbiting electron, causing a proton to convert into a neutron in a process called electron capture. All of these processes result in a well-defined nuclear transmutation.By contrast, there are radioactive decay processes that do not result in a nuclear transmutation. The energy of an excited nucleus may be emitted as a gamma ray in a process called gamma decay, or be used to eject an orbital electron by its interaction with the excited nucleus, in a process called internal conversion. Highly excited neutron-rich nuclei, formed as the product of other types of decay, occasionally lose energy by way of neutron emission, resulting in a change of an element from one isotope to another. Another type of radioactive decay results in products that are not defined, but appear in a range of \"pieces\" of the original nucleus. This decay, called spontaneous fission, happens when a large unstable nucleus spontaneously splits into two (and occasionally three) smaller daughter nuclei, and generally leads to the emission of gamma rays, neutrons, or other particles from those products.For a summary table showing the number of stable and radioactive nuclides in each category, see radionuclide. There exist twenty-nine chemical elements on Earth that are radioactive. They are those that contain thirty-four radionuclides that date before the time of formation of the solar system, and are known as primordial nuclides. Well-known examples are uranium and thorium, but also included are naturally occurring long-lived radioisotopes such as potassium-40. Another fifty or so shorter-lived radionuclides, such as radium and radon, found on Earth, are the products of decay chains that began with the primordial nuclides, and ongoing cosmogenic processes, such as the production of carbon-14 from nitrogen-14 by cosmic rays. Radionuclides may also be produced artificially in particle accelerators or nuclear reactors, resulting in 650 of these with half-lives of over an hour, and several thousand more with even shorter half-lives. See this list of nuclides for a list of these, sorted by half life.".
- Radioactive_decay thumbnail Alpha_Decay.svg?width=300.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageExternalLink prhlfr.html.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageExternalLink Radioactivity.
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- Radioactive_decay wikiPageExternalLink www.radiationanswers.org.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageExternalLink nomenclature.
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- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Accretion_(astrophysics).
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Actinides_in_the_environment.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Activation_energy.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Alpha_decay.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Alpha_particle.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Amount_of_substance.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Antimatter.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Aplastic_anemia.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Arithmetic_mean.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Atmosphere.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Atom.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_nucleus.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_number.
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- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Auger_effect.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Avalanche.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Avogadro_constant.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Background_radiation.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Barium.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Becquerel.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Beryllium.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Beta_decay.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Beta_particle.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Big_Bang.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Bismuth.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Boron.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Carbon.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Carbon-14.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Category:Exponentials.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Category:Poisson_processes.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Category:Radioactivity.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Cathode_ray.
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- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Chaos_theory.
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- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Chernobyl_disaster.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Cluster_decay.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Conservation_of_energy.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Conservation_of_mass.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Copper-64.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Cosmic_ray.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Cosmogenic_nuclide.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Coulombs_law.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Crimes_involving_radioactive_substances.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Crust_(geology).
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Curie.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Decay_chain.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Deuterium.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Differential_equation.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Double_beta_decay.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Double_electron_capture.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Double_positron_emission.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Earth.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Earths_internal_heat_budget.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Electric_field.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Electromagnetic_radiation.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Electromagnetism.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Electron.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Electron_capture.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Electron_neutrino.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Elihu_Thomson.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Emission_spectrum.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Enema.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Enrico_Fermi.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Entropy.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Ernest_Rutherford.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink European_Union.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink European_units_of_measurement_directives.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Exponential_decay.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Extinct_radionuclide.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Fallout_shelter.
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- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Frederick_Soddy.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Friction.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Function_(mathematics).
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Gamma_ray.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Ground_state.
- Radioactive_decay wikiPageWikiLink Half-life.