Matches in DBpedia 2016-04 for { <http://wikidata.dbpedia.org/resource/Q733149> ?p ?o }
- Q733149 subject Q6944405.
- Q733149 subject Q9108030.
- Q733149 abstract "The socii (['sokiː] in Latin; /ˈsoʊʃiaɪ/ in English; "allies") were the autonomous tribes and city-states of the Italian Peninsula in permanent military alliance with the Roman Republic until the Social War of 91–88 BC. After this conflict, all Rome's peninsular Italian allies were awarded Roman citizenship and their territories incorporated in the Roman state. The Romans themselves referred to their confederates as the socii Latini ("Latin allies"), although most were not members of the Latin tribe strictly speaking, but members of various other Italian tribes and city-states. In everyday usage, the word socius /ˈsoʊʃəs/ could mean "associate" or "partner" in general.The alliance had its origin in the foedus Cassianum ("Treaty of Cassius", 493 BC) signed by the fledgling Roman republic with its neighbouring Latin city-states shortly after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy in 510 BC. This provided for mutual defence by the two parties on the basis of an equal contribution to the annual military levy, which was probably under Roman overall command. The terms of the treaty were probably more acceptable to the Latins than the previous type of Roman hegemony, that of the Tarquin kings, as the latter had probably required the payment of tribute and not a simple military obligation.The foedus served as the basic template for Rome's settlement with the large array of tribes and city-states of the whole Italian peninsula that it subjugated during the period 338–264 BC. At the start of this period, the original Latins were mostly granted Roman citizenship. But the terms of the foedus was extended to about 150 other tribes and city-states. When a state was defeated, a part of its territory would be annexed by Rome to provide land for Roman/Latin colonists. The latter, although Roman citizens, were required to give up their citizen rights on joining a colony, and accept the status of socii. This was in order that Latin colonies could act as "watchdogs" on the other socii in the allied military formations, the alae. The defeated state would be allowed to keep the rest of its territory in return for binding itself to Rome with a perpetual treaty of military alliance. This would require the ally to "have the same friends and enemies as Rome", effectively prohibiting war against other socii and surrendering foreign policy to Rome. Beyond this, the central, and in most cases sole, obligation on the ally to contribute to the confederate army, on demand, a number of fully equipped troops up to a specified maximum each year, to serve under Roman command.The Roman military alliance had fully evolved by 264 BC and remained for 200 years the basis of Roman military organisation. From 338 BC to 88 BC, Roman legions were invariably accompanied on campaign by roughly the same numbers of allied troops organised into two units called alae (literally: "wings", as allied troops would always be posted on the flanks of the Roman battle-line, with the Roman legions holding the centre). 75% of a normal consular army's cavalry was supplied by the Italian socii. Although the socii provided around half the levies raised by Rome in any given year, they had no say in how those troops were used. Foreign policy and war were matters exclusively in the hands of the Roman Consuls and the Roman Senate. The latter, in turn, was a narrow, self-perpetuating 300-strong clique of wealthy men who monopolised power in the Roman republic, despite the theoretical sovereignty of the Roman people.Despite the loss of independence and heavy military obligations, the system provided substantial benefits for the socii. Most importantly, they were freed from the constant threat of aggression from their neighbours that had existed in the anarchic centuries prior to the imposition of the pax Romana. In addition, the Roman alliance protected the Italian peninsula from external invasion, such as the periodic and devastating incursions of Gauls from the Po Valley. Although no longer in control of war and foreign policy, each socius remained otherwise fully autonomous, with its own laws, system of government, coinage and language. Moreover, the military burden was only half that shouldered by Roman citizens, as the latter numbered only about half the population of the socii, but provided around half the total levies. Despite this, allied troops were allowed to share war booty on a 50–50 basis with Romans.Despite these benefits, many socii rebelled against the alliance whenever the opportunity arose. The best opportunities were provided by the invasions of Italy by the Greek king Pyrrhus in 281–75 BC and by the Carthaginian general Hannibal in 218–03 BC. During these, many socii joined the invaders, mostly Oscan-speakers of southern Italy, most prominently the Samnite tribes, who were Rome's most implacable enemy. At the same time, however, many socii remained loyal, motivated primarily by antagonisms with neighbouring rebels. Even after Rome's disaster at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC), over half the socii (by population) did not defect and Rome's military alliance was ultimately victorious.In the century succeeding Hannibal's War (201–91 BC), Italy was no longer threatened by external invasion (save by the occasional Gallic or Germanic horde) and Rome and her allies embarked on aggressive expansion overseas, in Spain, Africa and the Balkans. Despite the fact that the alliance was no longer acting defensively, there was virtually no protest from the socii, most likely because the latter benefited equally in the enormous amounts of war booty yielded by these campaigns.But, beneath the surface, resentment was building among the socii about their second-class status as peregrini i.e. non-citizens (except for the Latin colonists, who could regain their citizenship by moving to Roman territory). The Roman military confederation now became a victim of its own success in forging a united nation out of the patchwork of ethnicities and states. The socii rebelled en masse, including many that had remained steadfast in the past, launching the so-called Social War. But, unlike on previous occasions, their aim was to join the Roman state as equal citizens, not to secede from it. Although the socii were defeated on the battlefield, they gained their main demand. By the end of the war in 88 BC, all inhabitants of peninsular Italy had been granted the right to apply for Roman citizenship.".
- Q733149 thumbnail Iron_Age_Italy.png?width=300.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q102679.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q104687.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1048.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1048669.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1048883.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1058770.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1077232.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q108356.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q109251.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q115457.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1160070.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1165749.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q11704729.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q122166.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1256.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1265446.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1273.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q130614.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q131169.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q13369.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q13378.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q134705.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q13498.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q13712.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1405.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1407.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1446.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1447.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1453755.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q145694.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q15013125.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1524.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1568583.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q159605.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q163323.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q165023.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1676972.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q17078056.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q17161.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q17167.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q172353.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q172907.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q173424.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q1754393.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q17562731.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q179591.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q179999.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q189417.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q189430.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q189851.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q191306.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q192998.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q193047.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q19860.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q199728.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q201385.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q202001.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q202161.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q202207.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q202335.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q2039.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q205757.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q206119.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q207023.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q20778343.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q208420.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q212109.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q212671.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q213810.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q2197.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q220379.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q2274328.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q229432.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q2341546.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q236885.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q241717.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q242839.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q243133.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q243456.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q2479252.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q25293.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q2634.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q2705449.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q271108.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q272968.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q273854.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q2755872.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q281330.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q283202.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q29977.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q311702.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q312584.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q3237329.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q326197.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q329967.
- Q733149 wikiPageWikiLink Q34374.