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- Q7326122 subject Q6903895.
- Q7326122 subject Q7232559.
- Q7326122 subject Q8769147.
- Q7326122 subject Q9483793.
- Q7326122 abstract "Polish landed gentry (Polish: ziemiaństwo, ziemianie, from ziemia, "land") historically was a social group of hereditary landowners who held manorial estates. Historically ziemianie consisted of hereditary nobles and landed commoners. The Constitution of 1496 restricted the right to hold manorial lordships to the hereditary nobility proper only. The non-noble landed gentry thus had to either sell their estates to the lords or seek a formal ennoblement for themselves. A rare exception was the burgesses of certain specially privileged "ennobled" royal cities who were titled "nobilis" and were allowed to buy and inherit manorial estates and exercise their privileges (such as jurisdiction over their subjects) and monopolies (over distilleries, hunting grounds, etc.). Thus, in the Nobility Commonwealth there was almost no landed-gentry in the narrow, English meaning of the term, i.e. commoners who own land estates. With the Partitions these restrictions were loosened and finally any commoner could buy or inherit a landed estate. This made the 20th century Polish landed gentry consist mostly of hereditary nobles but also of gentry in the narrow sense.Although the March Constitution of Poland (1921) abolished the legal class of hereditary nobility, the social group of nobility remained socially recognized and gentry remained both an economic and social reality, similarly to other European countries.".
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q134737.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q1483709.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q152006.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q1550557.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q172107.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q1941338.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q1975665.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q211274.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q2535435.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q2560367.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q31487.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q362.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q40147.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q4171445.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q6903895.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q7232559.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q844586.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q874405.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q8769147.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q9483793.
- Q7326122 wikiPageWikiLink Q974251.
- Q7326122 comment "Polish landed gentry (Polish: ziemiaństwo, ziemianie, from ziemia, "land") historically was a social group of hereditary landowners who held manorial estates. Historically ziemianie consisted of hereditary nobles and landed commoners. The Constitution of 1496 restricted the right to hold manorial lordships to the hereditary nobility proper only. The non-noble landed gentry thus had to either sell their estates to the lords or seek a formal ennoblement for themselves.".
- Q7326122 label "Polish landed gentry".