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- Q6682674 subject Q13277291.
- Q6682674 subject Q8703180.
- Q6682674 abstract "El Grupo de los Doce, or Group of Twelve, were a dozen members of the Nicaraguan establishment whose support for the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) against President Anastasio Somoza Debayle played a pivotal role in the acceptance of the Sandinistas by foreign and domestic opinion.During the 1970s, debates over strategy split the FSLN, with the Terceristas advocating alliances with the middle and upper class against Somoza. They approached twelve figures from Nicaragua's establishment class, some already secretly Sandinistas, to sign a communiqué in support of the FSLN. On October 18, 1977, following a Tercerista offensive, they issued a manifesto from Costa Rica urging that the Sandinistas must be included in any political process. Their support lent respectability to the Sandinista cause and helped convince many that the rebels were no longer doctrinaire communists.As Nicaragua moved into crisis following the assassination of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, the Carter administration pressured Somoza to allow the return of Los Doce. Upon their return on July 5, 1978, tens of thousands lined the streets to welcome them. Members would participate in the Broad Opposition Front (FAO) with other internal opponents of Somoza.The twelve comprised: Sergio Ramírez Mercado - writer, FSLN memberArturo Cruz Porras - official at the Inter-American Development BankCarlos Tūnnerman Bernheim - university rectorMiguel D'Escoto Brockmann - Maryknoll priest, official at the World Council of Churches, secret Sandinista memberJoaquín Cuadra Chamorro - prominent corporate lawyer, whose son, Joaquín Cuadra Lacayo, had joined the FSLNFelipe Mántica Abaunza - owner of a supermarket chain, left the group before Somoza's overthrowRicardo Coronel Kautz - plantation owner, son of writer José Coronel UrtechoFernando Cardenal Martínez - a Jesuit priest who, like his brother, Ernesto Cardenal, had secretly joined the FSLNEmilio Baltodano Pallais - businessmanErnesto Castillo Martínez - lawyerCarlos Gutiérrez Sotelo - dental surgeonCasimiro Sotelo Rodríguez - architect.".
- Q6682674 wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage&q=%22El%20Grupo%20de%20los%20Doce%22&f=false.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q113935.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q1153087.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q13277291.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q1358652.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q218443.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q27389.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q276510.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q283639.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q36380.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q3649406.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q4243418.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q6291954.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q706743.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q713408.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q811.
- Q6682674 wikiPageWikiLink Q8703180.
- Q6682674 comment "El Grupo de los Doce, or Group of Twelve, were a dozen members of the Nicaraguan establishment whose support for the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) against President Anastasio Somoza Debayle played a pivotal role in the acceptance of the Sandinistas by foreign and domestic opinion.During the 1970s, debates over strategy split the FSLN, with the Terceristas advocating alliances with the middle and upper class against Somoza.".
- Q6682674 label "Los Doce".