Matches in DBpedia 2016-04 for { <http://wikidata.dbpedia.org/resource/Q4779298> ?p ?o }
- Q4779298 subject Q8472415.
- Q4779298 abstract "The beginnings of Freemasonry in the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (which would unite to form Romania in 1859) date to the 18th century and the activities of the humanist scholar Anton Maria del Chiaro, secretary to voivodes Constantin Brâncoveanu (ruled Wallachia 1688-1714) and Constantine Mavrocordatos (alternately ruled both domains between 1730 and 1769). In 1734 or 1737, del Chiaro founded the first Masonic Lodge in the Principalities at Galaţi. Shortly thereafter, Mavrocordat founded a lodge at Iaşi while ruler of Moldavia. During the same period in Transylvania, known Freemasons included László and János Kemény, Count Gabriel Bethlen and Baron Samuel von Brukenthal. In 1753 lodges were set up at Kronstadt, Hermannstadt and at the military garrisons of Sepsiszentgyörgy and Csíkszereda. On 23 February 1783 Horea, who led a peasant revolt the following year, gave a Romanian-language speech at the True Understanding Lodge in Vienna, in which he used a series of Masonic symbols (it is highly likely that he was initiated). In 1795, by imperial decree, Masonic activity was outlawed in the Habsburg empire, including Transylvania. In Wallachia, the first lodge was very likely established by Jean Louis Carra, secretary to voivode Grigore III Ghica (October 1768-November 1769).In advance of the Wallachian Revolution of 1848, a Freemason-inspired secret society known as Frăţia ("The Brotherhood") was set up. Ion Ghica, Nicolae Bălcescu, Christian Tell, Dimitrie Bolintineanu, Cezar Bolliac, Constantin Daniel Rosenthal, C. A. Rosetti, Dimitrie and Ion Brătianu, Alexandru G. Golescu and others belonged to Frăţia and were at the forefront of the revolution. Freemasons such as Vasile Alecsandri, Mihail Kogălniceanu and Alexandru Ioan Cuza were active in the revolution in Moldavia that year. The union of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 featured involvement by Freemasons from the Principalities and from exile. Cuza, domnitor of the new polity, governed on Masonic principles but nevertheless came into conflict with certain prominent boyars, who, like him, belonged to the Steaua Dunării Lodge in Bucharest. These individuals, dissatisfied with Cuza's actions, organised a plot to dethrone him, but when this was uncovered in 1865, the prince shut down the Lodge without taking measures against the plotters. Thus Cuza dissolved his own Lodge on the pretext that its establishment in nine years earlier had not been officially approved. Not coincidentally, the three officers who presented Cuza with his act of abdication the following year were Freemasons. The Junimea literary society, connected with Steaua Dunării and publishing journals such as Gazeta de Iaşi (1867), Convorbiri literare (1867), Gazeta literară (1871) and Constituţiunea (1886), played an important cultural role.Romania's Lodges were unified on 8/20 September 1880, when the National Lodge was founded with Constantin Moroiu as Grand Master. Conflict ensued between the National Lodge and certain Moldavian Lodges, as the former indirectly refused to admit Jews, who were concentrated in Moldavia. Cuza's successor, Carol I, refused suggestions that he become a Freemason and take the reins of the National Lodge, indeed ordering the closure of the Lodge in Brăila, which counted wealthy Jewish and Greek merchants among its members. Romanian Freemasons helped promote international recognition for the Union of Transylvania with Romania in 1918.On 12 November 1925 the Great Orient of Romania, which functioned alongside the Grand National Lodge. In 1934, these two merged with the Grand Symbolic Lodge of Transylvania to form the United Romanian Freemasonry, led by Mihail Sadoveanu and under American obedience. During the 1930s, Freemasonry was openly attacked in Romania, chiefly by A. C. Cuza, head of the National-Christian Defense League; the Iron Guard; and the Romanian Orthodox Church. On 11 March 1937, the church's Holy Synod approved an anti-Masonic study prepared by Nicolae Bălan, Metropolitan of Transylvania; this targeted Jews, who "have a preponderant, even a dominant role in Freemasonry" and concluded that "Freemasonry is a secret global organisation in which the Jews have a significant role; it has a quasi-religious rite, fighting against the religious-moral concepts of Christianity, against the monarchic and national principle, in order to establish an international secular republic. It is an expression of moral decay, of social disorder. The Church condemns Freemasonry as a doctrine, as an organisation and as a method of occult workings". As a result of these attacks, Romanian Freemasonry dissolved itself in 1937. Masonic historiography blames King Carol II, himself a Freemason, for having taken a decision to shut down the group with the support of Patriarch Miron Cristea (another Freemason) in order to rule as absolute monarch (which he began to do the following year).Freemasonry reappeared after the King Michael Coup in August 1944 but once again ceased its activity in 1948, not as a result of a political decision by the new Communist regime or coercive action by the Securitate, but due to a recommendation by its leadership. Romanian Freemasons in exile continued their activity until the 1989 revolution, after which Freemasonry returned to the country. The National Grand Lodge of Romania (Marea Lojă Naţională a României), which brought together three Lodges, was established in 1993; the Grand Lodge of Romania (Marea Lojă a României), uniting ten Lodges, came into being in 2003. Four more Masonic groups are active: another National Grand Lodge of Romania (Marea Lojă Naţională din România), the National United Grand Lodge of Romania (Marea Lojă Naţională Unită din România), the Feminine Grand Lodge of Romania (Marea Lojă Feminină a României) and the Grand Orient of Romania (Marele Orient al României).Other prominent Romanian Freemasons have included Dimitrie Sturdza, Alexandru Sturdza, Simion Bărnuțiu, George Suţu, Dimitrie Balş, Teodor Balş, Nicolae Romanescu, Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, Grigore Brâncoveanu, Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, George Valentin Bibescu (Grand Master from 1911 to 1916), Constantin Argetoianu, Nicolae Titulescu, Carol Davila, Victor Eftimiu, Horia Hulubei, Mihai Ralea, Gheorghe Asachi, Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Teodor Diamant, Eufrosin Poteca, Ion Câmpineanu, N. D. Cocea, Octavian Goga, Alecu Russo, Titu Maiorescu, Ion Minulescu, Alexandru Paleologu, Traian Vuia, Duiliu Zamfirescu and Matei Millo.".
- Q4779298 thumbnail SediuLojaMLNaRBuc.JPG?width=300.
- Q4779298 wikiPageExternalLink www.glr.ro.
- Q4779298 wikiPageExternalLink 5-12.pdf.
- Q4779298 wikiPageExternalLink www.marealojaromana.ro.
- Q4779298 wikiPageExternalLink www.mlnar.ro.
- Q4779298 wikiPageExternalLink www.mlnr.ro.
- Q4779298 wikiPageExternalLink www.mlnur.org.
- Q4779298 wikiPageExternalLink www.moar.ro.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q1044174.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q1051934.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q1060229.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q1127788.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q1264222.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q1354864.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q1454597.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q153047.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q153136.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q153448.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q1656593.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q16977863.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q170996.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q171393.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q17317979.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q1741.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q181901.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q1827000.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q188478.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q193420.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q19660.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q1989779.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2002136.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q202362.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q203563.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q204213.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2071370.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q208980.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2092785.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q21095978.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q212897.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q215898.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2175943.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q218.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q223414.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2268352.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2329380.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2442975.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2518160.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2641192.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2713794.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q275102.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2833939.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2900758.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q2907846.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q294832.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q30.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q3044637.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q313494.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q3154093.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q319759.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q328201.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q3315585.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q342564.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q352004.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q3760664.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q39473.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q444472.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q461926.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q46852.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q5065837.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q5110191.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q513394.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q526518.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q5277530.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q554730.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q57146.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q575347.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q6063157.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q622305.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q6272053.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q6273663.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q627527.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q661452.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q6895752.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q694246.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q696662.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q701594.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q708458.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q738175.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q745963.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q781476.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q82174.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q83324.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q842794.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q8472415.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q911924.
- Q4779298 wikiPageWikiLink Q935162.
- Q4779298 comment "The beginnings of Freemasonry in the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (which would unite to form Romania in 1859) date to the 18th century and the activities of the humanist scholar Anton Maria del Chiaro, secretary to voivodes Constantin Brâncoveanu (ruled Wallachia 1688-1714) and Constantine Mavrocordatos (alternately ruled both domains between 1730 and 1769). In 1734 or 1737, del Chiaro founded the first Masonic Lodge in the Principalities at Galaţi.".
- Q4779298 label "Freemasonry in Romania".