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- Q252321 subject Q20727369.
- Q252321 subject Q6466371.
- Q252321 abstract "A pharyngeal consonant is a consonant that is articulated primarily in the pharynx. Some phoneticians distinguish upper pharyngeal consonants, or "high" pharyngeals, pronounced by retracting the root of the tongue in the mid to upper pharynx, from (ary)epiglottal consonants, or "low" pharyngeals, which are articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis in the lower larynx, and even epiglotto-pharyngeal consonants consisting of both those movements combined. Stops and trills can only be reliably produced at the epiglottis, while fricatives can only be reliably produced in the upper pharynx. When these are treated as distinct places of articulation, the term radical consonant may be used as a cover term, or people may speak of guttural consonants instead. In many languages, pharyngeal consonants trigger retraction of neighboring vowels. Pharyngeals thereby differ from uvulars, which nearly always trigger retraction. For example, in Arabic, the vowel /a/ is fronted to [æ] next to pharyngeals, but retracted to [ɑ] next to uvulars, as in حال [ħæːl] 'condition' with a pharyngeal fricative and a fronted vowel, vs. خال [χɑːl] 'maternal uncle' with a uvular consonant and a retracted vowel.In addition to these consonantal sounds, consonants and vowels may be secondarily pharyngealized, and strident vowels are defined by an accompanying epiglottal trill.".
- Q252321 thumbnail Xsampa-greaterthanslash.png?width=300.
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- Q252321 comment "A pharyngeal consonant is a consonant that is articulated primarily in the pharynx. Some phoneticians distinguish upper pharyngeal consonants, or "high" pharyngeals, pronounced by retracting the root of the tongue in the mid to upper pharynx, from (ary)epiglottal consonants, or "low" pharyngeals, which are articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis in the lower larynx, and even epiglotto-pharyngeal consonants consisting of both those movements combined.".
- Q252321 label "Pharyngeal consonant".
- Q252321 depiction Xsampa-greaterthanslash.png.