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- Q22137287 subject Q6918262.
- Q22137287 subject Q6948775.
- Q22137287 subject Q7065100.
- Q22137287 subject Q8129724.
- Q22137287 subject Q8692490.
- Q22137287 subject Q9246573.
- Q22137287 abstract "The Karakhan Manifesto was a statement of Soviet policy toward China dated July 25, 1919. It was issued by Lev Karakhan, deputy commissioner for foreign affairs for Soviet Russia. The manifesto offered to relinquish various rights Russia had obtained by treaty in China, including extraterritoriality, economic concessions, and Russia's share of the Boxer indemnity. These and similar treaties had been denounced by Chinese nationalists as "unequal." The manifesto created a favorable impression of Russia and Marxism among Chinese. It was often contrasted with the Treaty of Versailles (1919), which granted Shandong to Japan.The manifesto was prompted by the Bolshevik advance into Siberia, which created a need to establish a relationship with China. The Bolsheviks saw the Chinese as one of "the oppressed peoples of the East" and therefore a potential ally against the "imperialist" powers.The manifesto is addressed to, "the Chinese people and the Governments of North and South China." Because both Russia and China were in a state of civil war at this time, diplomatic exchanges were often delayed. Although the document was published in Moscow in August 1919, it was not formally presented to Chinese diplomats until February 1920. The version presented at this time includes the passage, "the Soviet Government returns to the Chinese people, without any compensation, the Chinese Eastern Railway."Six months later, Karakhan personally handed the Chinese a second version of the manifesto, one that did not include this remarkable offer. In fact, the Soviet authorities denied ever having made it. The railway offer had been included by "mistake," they explained. The Soviets may have hoped the offer of the railway would generate an enthusiastic response in Beijing, leading to a Sino-Soviet alliance against Japan. The warlords in Beijing, closely tied to Japan, responded hesitantly. When the hoped-for alliance proved unattainable, the Russians withdrew their offer. In any event, traditional Russian interests and rights in China, including control of the Chinese Eastern Railway, were reaffirmed in a series of secret agreements made in 1924–1925.The manifesto came at a crucial time in the development of Chinese communism. It encouraged interest in Marxism and thus played a role in the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921.".
- Q22137287 thumbnail L_Karahan.jpg?width=300.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q150229.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q17427.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q39158.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q43407.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q5428.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q6918262.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q6948775.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q7065100.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q7260.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q8129724.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q843915.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q864737.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q8692490.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q8736.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q9246573.
- Q22137287 wikiPageWikiLink Q964826.
- Q22137287 comment "The Karakhan Manifesto was a statement of Soviet policy toward China dated July 25, 1919. It was issued by Lev Karakhan, deputy commissioner for foreign affairs for Soviet Russia. The manifesto offered to relinquish various rights Russia had obtained by treaty in China, including extraterritoriality, economic concessions, and Russia's share of the Boxer indemnity.".
- Q22137287 label "Karakhan Manifesto".
- Q22137287 depiction L_Karahan.jpg.