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- Q2118341 subject Q7778060.
- Q2118341 subject Q8432369.
- Q2118341 subject Q8484512.
- Q2118341 subject Q8639117.
- Q2118341 subject Q8874240.
- Q2118341 subject Q8906768.
- Q2118341 abstract "Punchbowl Crater (546 ft) is an extinct volcanic tuff cone located in Honolulu, Hawaii. It is the location of the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific.The crater was formed some 75,000 to 100,000 years ago during the Honolulu period of secondary volcanic activity. A crater resulted from the ejection of hot lava through cracks in the old coral reefs which, at the time, extended to the foot of the Koolau Mountain Range. The volcano is probably a monogenetic volcano which means it only erupted once because the volcano is small in height but it has a massive crater.Although there are various translations of the Punchbowl's Hawaiian name, "Puowaina," the most common is "Hill of Sacrifice." This translation closely relates to the history of the crater. The first known use was as an altar where Hawaiians offered human sacrifices to pagan gods and killed violators of the many taboos. Later, during the reign of Kamehameha the Great, a battery of two cannons was mounted at the rim of the crater to salute distinguished arrivals and signify important occasions. Early in the 1880s, leasehold land on the slopes of the Punchbowl opened for settlement and in the 1930s, the crater was used as a rifle range for the Hawaii National Guard. Toward the end of World War II, tunnels were dug through the rim of the crater for the placement of shore batteries to guard Honolulu Harbor and the south edge of Pearl Harbor.During the late 1890s, a committee recommended that the Punchbowl become the site for a new cemetery to accommodate the growing population of Honolulu. The idea was rejected for fear of polluting the water supply and the emotional aversion to creating a city of the dead above a city of the living. Fifty years later, Congress authorized a small appropriation to establish a national cemetery in Honolulu with two provisions: that the location be acceptable to the War Department, and that the site would be donated rather than purchased. In 1943, the governor of Hawaii offered the Punchbowl for a national cemetery. The $50,000 appropriation proved insufficient, however, and the project was deferred until after World War II. By 1947, Congress and veteran organizations placed a great deal of pressure on the military to find a permanent burial site in Hawaii for the remains of thousands of World War II servicemen on the island of Guam awaiting permanent burial. Subsequently, the Army again began planning the Punchbowl cemetery; in February 1948 Congress approved funding and construction began.".
- Q2118341 thumbnail View_of_Honolulu_Harbor_and_Punchbowl_Crater._(c._1854).jpg?width=300.
- Q2118341 wikiPageExternalLink nmcp.asp.
- Q2118341 wikiPageExternalLink index.html.
- Q2118341 wikiPageWikiLink Q11268.
- Q2118341 wikiPageWikiLink Q11292.
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- Q2118341 wikiPageWikiLink Q5589655.
- Q2118341 wikiPageWikiLink Q5896680.
- Q2118341 wikiPageWikiLink Q7778060.
- Q2118341 wikiPageWikiLink Q8432369.
- Q2118341 wikiPageWikiLink Q8484512.
- Q2118341 wikiPageWikiLink Q8639117.
- Q2118341 wikiPageWikiLink Q8874240.
- Q2118341 wikiPageWikiLink Q8906768.
- Q2118341 wikiPageWikiLink Q900734.
- Q2118341 point "21.3125 -157.8461111111111".
- Q2118341 type SpatialThing.
- Q2118341 comment "Punchbowl Crater (546 ft) is an extinct volcanic tuff cone located in Honolulu, Hawaii. It is the location of the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific.The crater was formed some 75,000 to 100,000 years ago during the Honolulu period of secondary volcanic activity. A crater resulted from the ejection of hot lava through cracks in the old coral reefs which, at the time, extended to the foot of the Koolau Mountain Range.".
- Q2118341 label "Punchbowl Crater".
- Q2118341 lat "21.3125".
- Q2118341 long "-157.8461111111111".
- Q2118341 depiction View_of_Honolulu_Harbor_and_Punchbowl_Crater._(c._1854).jpg.