Matches in DBpedia 2016-04 for { <http://wikidata.dbpedia.org/resource/Q206829> ?p ?o }
- Q206829 subject Q6454246.
- Q206829 subject Q6454252.
- Q206829 subject Q6486828.
- Q206829 subject Q6509996.
- Q206829 subject Q6553131.
- Q206829 subject Q7210404.
- Q206829 subject Q7210407.
- Q206829 subject Q8644587.
- Q206829 abstract "Reductionism refers to several related but different philosophical positions regarding the connections between phenomena, or theories, "reducing" one to another, usually considered "simpler" or more "basic". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy suggests that it is "one of the most used and abused terms in the philosophical lexicon" and suggests a three part division:Ontological reductionism: a belief that the whole of reality consists of a minimal number of partsMethodological reductionism: the scientific attempt to provide explanation in terms of ever smaller entities Theory reductionism: the suggestion that a newer theory does not replace or absorb the old, but reduces it to more basic terms. Theory reduction itself is divisible into three: translation, derivation and explanation.Reductionism can be applied to objects, phenomena, explanations, theories, and meanings.In the sciences, application of methodological reductionism attempts explanation of entire systems in terms of their individual, constituent parts and their interactions. Thomas Nagel speaks of psychophysical reductionism (the attempted reduction of psychological phenomena to physics and chemistry), as do others and physico-chemical reductionism (the attempted reduction of biology to physics and chemistry), again as do others. In a very simplified and sometimes contested form, such reductionism is said to imply that a system is nothing but the sum of its parts. However, a more nuanced view is that a system is composed entirely of its parts, but the system will have features that none of the parts have. "The point of mechanistic explanations is usually showing how the higher level features arise from the parts."Other definitions are used by other authors. For example, what Polkinghorne calls conceptual or epistemological reductionism is the definition provided by Blackburn and by Kim: that form of reductionism concerning a program of replacing the facts or entities entering statements claimed to be true in one area of discourse with other facts or entities from another area, thereby providing a relationship between them. Such a connection is provided where the same idea can be expressed by "levels" of explanation, with higher levels reducible if need be to lower levels. This use of levels of understanding in part expresses our human limitations in grasping a lot of detail. However, "most philosophers would insist that our role in conceptualizing reality [our need for an hierarchy of "levels" of understanding] does not change the fact that different levels of organization in reality do have different properties."As this introduction suggests, there are a variety of forms of reductionism, discussed in more detail in subsections below.Reductionism strongly reflects a certain perspective on causality. In a reductionist framework, the phenomena that can be explained completely in terms of relations between other more fundamental phenomena, are called epiphenomena. Often there is an implication that the epiphenomenon exerts no causal agency on the fundamental phenomena that explain it. The epiphenomena are sometimes said to be "nothing but" the outcome of the workings of the fundamental phenomena, although the epiphenomena might be more clearly and efficiently described in very different terms. There is a tendency to avoid taking an epiphenomenon as being important in its own right. This attitude may extend to cases where the fundamentals are not clearly able to explain the epiphenomena, but are expected to by the speaker. In this way, for example, morality can be deemed to be "nothing but" evolutionary adaptation, and consciousness can be considered "nothing but" the outcome of neurobiological processes.Reductionism does not preclude the existence of what might be called emergent phenomena, but it does imply the ability to understand those phenomena completely in terms of the processes from which they are composed. This reductionist understanding is very different from emergentism, which intends that what emerges in "emergence" is more than the sum of the processes from which it emerges.".
- Q206829 thumbnail Duck_of_Vaucanson.jpg?width=300.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink red-ism.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink 15762.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink reduction-considered-harmful.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink 109174.htm.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink reduction-biology.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink is-polyphasic-consciousness-necessary.html.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink index.html.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink dupre.html.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink Kukla.html.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink OSM07.pdf.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22physico-chemical+reductionism%22&num=10&gws_rd=ssl.
- Q206829 wikiPageExternalLink search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22psychophysical+reductionism%22&num=10&gws_rd=ssl.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q1056358.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q11397.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q123637.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q12482.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q125249.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q131222.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q1329497.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q1340474.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q141037.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q1414884.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q151936.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q1548746.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q167312.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q170451.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q17736.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q17737.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q178801.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q179282.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q179289.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q18334.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q183372.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q183635.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q1851867.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q188715.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q190553.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q190770.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q191631.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q192776.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q192864.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q192891.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q193291.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q193626.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q193946.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q1972973.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q200286.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q200787.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q2112968.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q21201.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q212730.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q213157.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q215263.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q215772.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q217413.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q219695.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q232002.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q2329.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q23373.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q23407.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q2508977.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q259513.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q269114.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q269699.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q2716356.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q2987018.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q2995634.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q307.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q336.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q336369.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q34178.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q34749.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q35120.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q35277.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q35758.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q37068.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q3724133.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q3736628.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q3739981.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q3740334.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q37813.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q38104.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q395.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q3952336.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q413.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q41390.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q43478.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q44461.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q44746.
- Q206829 wikiPageWikiLink Q4775207.