Matches in DBpedia 2016-04 for { <http://wikidata.dbpedia.org/resource/Q15041049> ?p ?o }
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- Q15041049 abstract "Catholic resistance to Nazism was a component of German resistance to Nazism and of Resistance during World War II. The Church in Germany had spoken against the rise of Nazism, but the Catholic aligned Centre Party capitulated and was banned in 1933. After the Nazi seizure of power, the Church attempted to cooperate with the new government, but Catholics soon faced persecution under Hitler, and were offended by moves such as the sterilization law of 1933. The Church challenged efforts to undermine various Christian institutions, practices and beliefs and though it ultimately failed to protect its youth organizations and schools, it did have some successes in mobilizing public opinion to alter some government policies. Among the most courageous demonstrations of opposition were the 1941 sermons of Bishop August von Galen of Münster. Nevertheless, wrote Alan Bullock "[n]either the Catholic Church nor the Evangelical Church... as institutions, felt it possible to take up an attitude of open opposition to the regime".An estimated one-third of German priests faced some form of reprisal from the authorities. Thousands of Catholic dissidents of all hierarchical ranks were sent to concentration camps. 400 Germans were among the 2,579 Catholic priests imprisoned in the dedicated clergy barracks at Dachau. Many ordinary German Catholics offered at least passive acquiescence in, if not active support for, the Nazi dictatorship. Head of the German Bishops' Conference Adolf Bertram generally sought to avoid confrontation, but the activities of bishops such as Preysing, Frings and Galen came to form a coherent, systematic critique of aspects of Nazism. Bishop Galen led protests against "euthanasia". Catholic notions of natural law heavily influenced the outlook of the German Resistance and religious motives inspired the actions of lay leaders of the movement, including the July Plot leader Claus von Stauffenberg, Caritas activists Gertrud Luckner and Margarete Sommer, Catholic Action leader Erich Klausener and Catholic Youth leader Adalbert Probst, who were among the Catholic leaders who died for challenging the regime.Papal protest against Nazism included the 1937 encyclical Mit brennender Sorge. The Church faced severe persecution in Poland, where Catholicism was integral to much Polish resistance. The Church was similarly persecuted in the annexed Czech, Austrian and Slovene regions, yet in the small Nazi puppet states of Slovakia and Croatia, nationalist churchmen collaborated with the Fascists, though here too there was Catholic resistance. Catholic resistance was "armed" in the case of partisans like the Italian Fiamme Verdi guerrilla campaigns. Catholic resistance to mistreatment of Jews in Germany was generally limited to fragmented and largely individual efforts.Anti-Judaism on religious grounds had a long history in Catholicism, but where Nazi ideology preached of a "master race", Catholicism preached instead the "unity of the human race". Jewish historian Sir Martin Gilbert wrote that, in every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews. Michael Phayer estimates that "Rescuers and perpetrators were but a slight minority of Europe's Catholic population" during the Holocaust. Among the notable Catholic networks to rescue Jews and others from Nazi death camps were Hugh O'Flaherty's "Rome Escape Line", the Assisi Network and Poland's Zegota. Bishops such as the Netherlands' Johannes de Jong, Belgium's Jozef-Ernest van Roey and France's Jules-Géraud Saliège issued major denunciations of Nazi treatment of the Jews. Papal diplomats such as Angelo Roncalli, Andrea Cassulo, Filippo Bernardini and Angelo Rotta engaged in vigorous diplomatic lobbying and clandestine activities. Convents also played a significant role under the leadership of nuns like Margit Slachta and Matylda Getter.".
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