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- Q11055475 subject Q6285327.
- Q11055475 subject Q7696009.
- Q11055475 abstract "The Nobles of the Sword (French: noblesse d'épée) were the noblemen of the oldest class of nobility in France dating from the Middle Ages and the Early Modern periods, but still arguably in existence by descent. This was originally the knightly class, owing military service (usually to a king, who might be the king of France or the king of England), in return for the possession of feudal landed estates. The term "noblesse d'épée" is largely synonymous with noblesse de race (nobility of family) and noblesse ancienne (old nobility) and is used in distinction from the other classes of the French nobility, namely:noblesse de chancellerie – "nobility of chancery", those holding certain high offices under the kingnoblesse de lettres – "nobility of letters", those ennobled by the king's letters patentnoblesse de robe – "nobility of the gown", those holding certain official positions, such as maître des requêtes, treasurer or president of a parlement noblesse de cloche, "nobility of the bell", or noblesse échevinale, "nobility of the chain", mayors or échevins or prévôts des marchands (merchants' provosts) in certain important towns, including Paris, Angers, Angoulême, Bourges, Lyon, Toulouse, Perpignan, and Poitiersnoblesse militaire – officers holding commissions in the army and navy who were not by descent members of the nobility of the sword As with officer of the sword, the expression "noble of the sword" derives from the right of such noblemen to wear a sword, which reflected their duty of knightly service to their feudal overlord.In later centuries, a nobleman of the sword was only recognized as such if his family had held this status for at least four generations. The nobles of the sword also provided non-military services to the king, holding positionsin all branches of government. However, from the Renaissance on kings upset the old nobility by the creation of a new "nobility of the robe", the first such men coming into the nobility through their own merit, by being appointed to various judicial or administrative offices, and later members buying the offices which carried such status. This angered the nobles of the sword, who saw their own opportunities being lost to the bourgeoisie. In the 17th century the nobility of the sword began to demand that the new nobility of the gown be limited in its access to the court, but to maximize its income the government of the French Kings continued to sell ever more positions, causing conflict within the two groups of the nobility. This trend had other benefits for the monarchy, as it reduced the power of the old nobility and made it less able to revolt against the Crown. However, the nobility of the sword continued to provide much of the officer class of the French army and navy, so the kings of France needed to maintain good relations with them. Also, many such noblemen saw the importance of maintaining strong relations with the monarch and courting his good will, so remained at court.".
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- Q11055475 wikiPageWikiLink Q6285327.
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- Q11055475 wikiPageWikiLink Q7696009.
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- Q11055475 comment "The Nobles of the Sword (French: noblesse d'épée) were the noblemen of the oldest class of nobility in France dating from the Middle Ages and the Early Modern periods, but still arguably in existence by descent. This was originally the knightly class, owing military service (usually to a king, who might be the king of France or the king of England), in return for the possession of feudal landed estates.".
- Q11055475 label "Nobles of the Sword".