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- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety abstract "Plumes of volcanic ash near active volcanoes are an aviation safety hazard, especially for night flights. Volcanic ash is hard and abrasive, and can quickly cause significant wear to propellers and turbocompressor blades, and scratch cockpit windows, impairing visibility. The ash contaminates fuel and water systems, can jam gears, and make engines flameout. Its particles have low melting point, so they melt in the combustion chamber and the ceramic mass then sticks to turbine blades, fuel nozzles, and combustors—which can lead to total engine failure. Ash can also contaminate the cabin and damage avionics.In 1991, the aviation industry decided to set up Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs) for liaison between meteorologists, volcanologists, and the aviation industry. Prior to 2010, aircraft engine manufacturers had not defined specific particle levels above which they considered engines at risk. Airspace regulators took the general approach that if ash concentration rose above zero, they considered airspace unsafe, and consequently closed it.The costs of air travel disruption in Europe after a volcanic eruption in 2010 forced aircraft manufacturers to specify limits on how much ash they considered acceptable for a jet engine to ingest without damage. In April, the UK CAA, in conjunction with engine manufacturers, set the safe upper limit of ash density at 2 mg per cubic metre of air space. From May 2010, the CAA revised the safe limit upwards to 4 mg per cubic metre of air space.To minimise further disruption that this and other volcanic eruptions could cause, the CAA created a new category of restricted airspace called a Time Limited Zone. Airspace categorised as TLZ is similar to airspace under severe weather conditions, in that restrictions should be of a short duration. However, a key difference with TLZ airspace is that airlines must produce certificates of compliance for aircraft they want to enter these areas. Any airspace where ash density exceeds 4 mg per cubic metre is prohibited airspace.Volcanic ash in the immediate vicinity of the eruption plume is different in particle size range and density than that in downwind dispersal clouds, which contain only the finest particle sizes of ash. Experts have not established the ash loading that affects normal engine operation (other than engine lifetime and maintenance costs). Whether this silica-melt risk remains at the much lower ash densities characteristic of downstream ash clouds is currently unclear.Experts recognised that there was an issue following the incident in 1982 with the British Airways Flight 9, and therefore the ICAO established the Volcanic Ash Warning Study Group in 1982. Due to the difficulty in forecasting accurate information out to 12 hours and beyond, the ICAO later set up Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs).".
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety thumbnail Eyjafjallajökull_17-4-2010.jpg?width=300.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageID "33253560".
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageLength "11825".
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageOutDegree "46".
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageRevisionID "673966680".
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Abrasion_(mechanical).
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Air_travel_disruption_after_the_2010_Eyjafjallajökull_eruption.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Aircraft_engine.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Air–fuel_ratio.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Aviation_safety.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Avionics.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Brady_Haran.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink British_Airways_Flight_9.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Category:Airliner_accidents_and_incidents_caused_by_volcanic_events.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Category:Aviation_risks.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Ceramic.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Chaitén_(volcano).
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Civil_Aviation_Authority_(United_Kingdom).
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Combustion_chamber.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Combustor.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Erosion.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Fatigue_(material).
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Flameout.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Gas_compressor.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Gas_turbine.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Jet_engine.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink KLM_Flight_867.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Melting_point.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Meteorology.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Operating_temperature.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Prohibited_airspace.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Propeller_(aeronautics).
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Spray_nozzle.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Sulfur_dioxide.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Tephra.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Three-body_force.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Turbine.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink University_of_Nottingham.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Volcanic_Ash_Advisory_Center.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Volcanic_ash.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Volcano.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Volcanology.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink Water_vapor.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink File:Eyjafjallajökull_17-4-2010.jpg.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLink File:Plume_from_eruption_of_Chaiten_volcano,_Chile.jpg.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLinkText "Volcanic ash and aviation safety".
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wikiPageWikiLinkText "volcanic ash ingestion".
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- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety subject Category:Aviation_risks.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety hypernym Hazard.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety type Lighthouse.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety type Risk.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety comment "Plumes of volcanic ash near active volcanoes are an aviation safety hazard, especially for night flights. Volcanic ash is hard and abrasive, and can quickly cause significant wear to propellers and turbocompressor blades, and scratch cockpit windows, impairing visibility. The ash contaminates fuel and water systems, can jam gears, and make engines flameout.".
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety label "Volcanic ash and aviation safety".
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety sameAs Q7940030.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety sameAs m.0h7nf77.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety sameAs Q7940030.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety wasDerivedFrom Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety?oldid=673966680.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety depiction Eyjafjallajökull_17-4-2010.jpg.
- Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety isPrimaryTopicOf Volcanic_ash_and_aviation_safety.
