Matches in DBpedia 2016-04 for { <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Timeline_of_the_African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954–68)> ?p ?o }
- Timeline_of_the_African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954–68) abstract "This is a timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement of 1954-1968, a nonviolent freedom movement to gain legal equality and enforcement of constitutional rights for African Americans. The goals of the movement included securing equal protection of the laws, ending legally established racial discrimination, and gaining equal access to public facilities, education reform, fair housing, and the ability to vote.1954May 3 – In Hernandez v. Texas, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States are entitled to equal protection under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.May 17 – In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans. and in Bolling v. Sharpe, the U.S. Supreme Court rules against the \"separate but equal\" doctrine, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson and saying that segregation of public schools is unconstitutional.July 30 – At a special meeting in Jackson, Mississippi called by Governor Hugh White, T.R.M. Howard of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, along with nearly one hundred other black leaders, publicly refuse to support a segregationist plan to maintain \"separate but equal\" in exchange for a crash program to increase spending on black schools.September 2 – In Montgomery, Alabama, 23 black children are prevented from attending all-white elementary schools, defying the recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling.September 7 – The District of Columbia ends segregated education; Baltimore, Maryland follows suit on September 8September 15 – Protests by white parents in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia force schools to postpone desegregation another year.September 16 – Mississippi abolishes all public schools with an amendment to its State Constitution; private segregation academies are founded for white students.September 30 – Integration of a high school in Milford, Delaware collapses when white students boycott classes.October 4 – Student demonstrations take place against integration of Washington, DC public schools.October 19 – Federal judge upholds an Oklahoma law requiring African-American candidates to be identified on voting ballots as \"negro\".October 30 – Desegregation of U.S. Armed Forces said to be complete.Frankie Muse Freeman is the lead attorney for the landmark NAACP case Davis et al. v. the St. Louis Housing Authority, which ended legal racial discrimination in the city's public housing. Constance Baker Motley was an attorney for NAACP: it was unusual to have two women attorneys leading such a high-profile case.1955January 15 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs Executive Order 10590, establishing the President's Committee on Government Policy to enforce a nondiscrimination policy in Federal employment.January 20 – Demonstrators from CORE and Morgan State University stage a successful sit-in to desegregate Read's Drug Store in Baltimore, MarylandApril 5 – Mississippi passes a law penalizing white students by jail and fines who attend school with blacks .May 7 – NAACP and Regional Council of Negro Leadership activist Reverend George W. Lee is killed in Belzoni, Mississippi.May 31 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in \"Brown II\" that desegregation must occur with \"all deliberate speed\". June 8 – University of Oklahoma decides to allow black students.June 23 – Virginia governor and Board of Education decide to continue segregated schools into 1956.June 29 – The NAACP wins a U.S. Supreme Court suit which orders the University of Alabama to admit Autherine Lucy.July 11 – Georgia Board of Education orders that any teacher supporting integration be fired.July 14 – A Federal Appeals Court overturns segregation on Columbia, SC buses.August 1 – Georgia Board of Education fires all black teachers who are members of the NAACP.August 13 – Regional Council of Negro Leadership registration activist Lamar Smith is murdered in Brookhaven, Mississippi.August 28 – Teenager Emmett Till is killed for whistling at a white woman in Money, Mississippi.November 7 – The Interstate Commerce Commission bans bus segregation in interstate travel in Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company. On the same day, the U.S. Supreme Court bans segregation on public parks and playgrounds. The governor of Georgia responds that his state would \"get out of the park business\" rather than allow playgrounds to be desegregated.December 1 – Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus, starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This occurs nine months after 15-year-old high school student Claudette Colvin became the first to refuse to give up her seat. Colvin's was the legal case which eventually ended the practice in Montgomery.Roy Wilkins becomes the NAACP executive secretary.1956January 9 – Virginia voters and representatives decide to fund private schools with state money to maintain segregation.January 16 – FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover writes a rare open letter of complaint directed to civil rights leader Dr. T.R.M. Howard after Howard charged in a speech that the \"FBI can pick up pieces of a fallen airplane on the slopes of a Colorado mountain and find the man who caused the crash, but they can't find a white man when he kills a Negro in the South.\" January 24 – Governors of Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia agree to block integration of schools.February 1 – Virginia legislature passes a resolution that the U.S. Supreme Court integration decision was an \"illegal encroachment\".February 3 – Autherine Lucy is admitted to the University of Alabama. Whites riot for days, and she is suspended. Later, she is expelled for her part in filing legal action against the university.February 24 – The policy of Massive Resistance is declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. from Virginia.February/March – The Southern Manifesto, opposing integration of schools, is drafted and signed by members of the Congressional delegations of Southern states, including 19 senators and 81 members of the House of Representatives, notably the entire delegations of the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia. On March 12, it is released to the press.February 13 – Wilmington, Delaware school board decides to end segregation.February 22 – Ninety black leaders in Montgomery, Alabama are arrested for leading a bus boycott.February 29 – Mississippi legislature declares U.S. Supreme Court integration decision \"invalid\" in that state.March 1 – Alabama legislature votes to ask for federal funds to deport blacks to northern states.March 12 – U.S. Supreme Court orders the University of Florida to admit a black law school applicant \"without delay\".March 22 – King sentenced to fine or jail for instigating Montgomery bus boycott, suspended pending appeal.April 23 – U.S. Supreme Court strikes down segregation on buses nationwide.May 26 – Circuit Judge Walter B. Jones issues an injunction prohibiting the NAACP from operating in Alabama.May 28 – The Tallahassee, Florida bus boycott begins. June 5 – The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) is founded at a mass meeting in Birmingham, Alabama.September 2–11 – Teargas and National Guard used to quell segregationists rioting in Clinton, Tennessee; 12 black students enter high school under Guard protection. Smaller disturbances occur in Mansfield, Texas and Sturgis, Kentucky.September 10 – Two black students are prevented by a mob from entering a junior college in Texarkana, Texas. Schools in Louisville, Kentucky are successfully desegregated.September 12 – Four black children enter an elementary school in Clay, Kentucky under National Guard protection; white students boycott. The school board bars the four again on Sep. 17.October 15 – Integrated athletic or social events are banned in Louisiana.November 13 – In Browder v. Gayle, the U.S. Supreme Court strikes down Alabama laws requiring segregation of buses. This ruling, together with the ICC's 1955 ruling in Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach banning \"Jim Crow laws\" in bus travel among the states, is a landmark in outlawing \"Jim Crow\" in bus travel.December 20 – Federal marshals enforce the ruling to desegregate bus systems in Montgomery.December 24 – Blacks in Tallahassee, Florida begin defying segregation on city buses.December 25 – The parsonage in Birmingham, Alabama occupied by Fred Shuttlesworth, movement leader, is bombed. Shuttlesworth receives only minor injuries.December 26 – The ACMHR tests the Browder v. Gayle ruling by riding in the white sections of Birmingham city buses. 22 demonstrators are arrested.Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission formed.Director J. Edgar Hoover orders the FBI to begin the COINTELPRO program to investigate and disrupt \"dissident\" groups within the United States.1957February 8 – Georgia Senate votes to declare the 14th and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution null and void in that state.February 14 – Southern Christian Leadership Conference is formed; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is named its chairman.April 18 – Florida Senate votes to consider U.S. Supreme Court's desegregation decisions \"null and void\".May 17 – The Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom in Washington, DC is at the time the largest nonviolent demonstration for civil rights.September 2 – Orval Faubus, governor of Arkansas, calls out the National Guard to block integration of Little Rock Central High School.September 6 – Federal judge orders Nashville public schools to integrate immediately.September 15 – New York Times reports that in three years since the decision, there has been minimal progress toward integration in four southern states, and no progress at all in seven.September 24 – President Dwight Eisenhower federalizes the National Guard and also orders US Army troops to ensure Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas is integrated. Federal and National Guard troops escort the Little Rock Nine.September 27 – Civil Rights Act of 1957 signed by President Eisenhower.October 7 – The finance minister of Ghana is refused service at a Dover, Delaware restaurant. President Eisenhower hosts him at the White House to apologize Oct. 10.October 9 – Florida legislature votes to close any school if federal troops are sent to enforce integration.October 31 – Officers of NAACP arrested in Little Rock for failing to comply with a new financial disclosure ordinance.November 26 – Texas legislature votes to close any school where federal troops might be sent.1958June 29 – Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama) is bombed by Ku Klux Klan members, killing four girls.June 30 – In NAACP v. Alabama, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the NAACP was not required to release membership lists to continue operating in the state.July – NAACP Youth Council sponsored sit-ins at the lunch counter of a Dockum Drug Store in downtown Wichita, Kansas. After three weeks, the movement successfully got the store to change its policy and soon afterward all Dockum stores in Kansas were desegregated.August 19 – Clara Luper and the NAACP Youth Council conduct the largest successful sit-in to date, on drug store lunch-counters in Oklahoma City. This starts a successful six-year campaign by Luper and the Council to desegregate businesses and related institutions in Oklahoma City.September 2 – Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. of Virginia threatens to shut down any school if it is forced to integrate.September 4 – Justice Department sues under Civil Rights Act to force Terrell County, Georgia to register blacks to vote.September 8 – A Federal judge orders Louisiana State University to desegregate; sixty-nine African-Americans enroll successfully on Sep. 12.September 12 – In Cooper v. Aaron the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the states were bound by the Court's decisions. Governor Faubus responds by shutting down all four high schools in Little Rock, and Governor Almond shuts one in Front Royal, Virginia.September 18 – Governor Lindsay closes two more schools in Charlottesville, Virginia, and six in Norfolk on Sep. 27.September 29 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules that states may not use evasive measures to avoid desegregation.October 8 – A Federal judge in Harrisonburg, VA rules that public money may not be used for segregated private schools.October 20 – Thirteen blacks arrested for sitting in front of bus in Birmingham.November 28 – Federal court throws out Louisiana law against integrated athletic events.December 8 – Voter registration officials in Montgomery refuse to cooperate with US Civil Rights Commission investigation.1959January 9 – One Federal judge throws out segregation on Atlanta, Georgia, buses, while another orders Montgomery registrars to comply with the Civil Rights Commission.January 19 – Federal Appeals court overturns Virginia's closure of the schools in Norfolk; they reopen January 28 with 17 black students.April 18 – King speaks for the integration of schools at a rally of 26,000 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC.November 20 – Alabama passes laws to limit black voter registration.↑".
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