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- Studio_system abstract "The studio system is a method of film production and distribution dominated by a small number of \"major\" studios in Hollywood. Although the term is still used today as a reference to the systems and output of the major studios, historically the term refers to the practice of large motion picture studios between the 1920s and 1960s of (a) producing movies primarily on their own filmmaking lots with creative personnel under often long-term contract, and (b) dominating exhibition through vertical integration, i.e., the ownership or effective control of distributors and exhibition, guaranteeing additional sales of films through manipulative booking techniques.The studio system was challenged under the anti-trust laws in a 1948 Supreme Court ruling which sought to separate production from the distribution and exhibition and ended such practices, thereby hastening the end of the studio system. By 1954, with television competing for audience and the last of the operational links between a major production studio and theater chain broken, the historic era of the studio system was over.The period stretching from the introduction of sound to the beginning of the demise of the studio system, 1927/29–1948/1949, is referred to by some film historians as the Golden Age of Hollywood. The Golden Age is a purely technical distinction and not to be confused with the style in film criticism known as Classical Hollywood Cinema, a style of American film which developed from 1917 to 1960 and characterizes it to this day.During the so-called Golden Age, eight companies constituted the major studios that promulgated the Hollywood studio system. Of these eight, five were fully integrated conglomerates, combining ownership of a production studio, distribution division, and substantial theater chain, and contracting with performers and filmmaking personnel: Fox Film Corporation (later 20th Century-Fox), Loew’s Incorporated (owner of America's largest theater circuit and parent company to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), Paramount Pictures, RKO Radio Pictures, and Warner Bros. Two majors—Universal Pictures and Columbia Pictures—were similarly organized, though they never owned more than small theater circuits. The eighth of the Golden Age majors, United Artists, owned a few theaters and had access to two production facilities owned by members of its controlling partnership group, but it functioned primarily as a backer-distributor, loaning money to independent producers and releasing their films.".
- Studio_system wikiPageExternalLink hughes.htm.
- Studio_system wikiPageExternalLink 1film_antitrust.htm.
- Studio_system wikiPageExternalLink fffr11c.htm.
- Studio_system wikiPageExternalLink AntitrusPricingMotionPictureIndustry.pdf.
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- Studio_system wikiPageLength "26154".
- Studio_system wikiPageOutDegree "120".
- Studio_system wikiPageRevisionID "706109751".
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink 20th_Century_Fox.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink 21st_Century_Fox.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Adolph_Zukor.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Alfred_Hitchcock.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Annual_report.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Art_film.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Associated_British_Picture_Corporation.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink B_movie.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Billy_Wilder.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Bing_Crosby.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Block_booking.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Blockbuster_(entertainment).
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Carl_Laemmle.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Cary_Grant.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Category:American_film_studios.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Category:Cinema_of_Southern_California.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_film.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Category:Hollywood_history_and_culture.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Chinatown_(1974_film).
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Cinema_of_the_United_States.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Classical_Hollywood_cinema.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Claudette_Colbert.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Columbia_Pictures.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Comcast.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Competition_law.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Consent_decree.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Darryl_F._Zanuck.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink David_O._Selznick.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink David_Sarnoff.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Desi_Arnaz.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Desilu_Productions.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Film_Booking_Offices_of_America.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Film_distributor.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Film_studio.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Filmmaking.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink First_National_Pictures.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Focus_Features.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Fort_Knox.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Fox_Film.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Fox_Searchlight_Pictures.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Frank_Sinatra.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Franklin_D._Roosevelt.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Gaumont_Film_Company.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink General_Electric.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink General_Tire.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink George_Lucas.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink George_Stevens.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Great_Depression.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Gregory_Peck.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Harry_Cohn.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Heavens_Gate_(film).
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Hollywood_accounting.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Howard_Hughes.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Jack_L._Warner.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Sr..
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Keith-Albee-Orpheum.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Lew_Wasserman.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Lights_of_New_York_(1928_film).
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Lions_Gate_Entertainment.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Loews_Cineplex_Entertainment.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Louis_B._Mayer.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Lucille_Ball.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Major_film_studio.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Marlon_Brando.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Miramax.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Movie_theater.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink NBCUniversal.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink New_Line_Cinema.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Nikkatsu.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink One-Eyed_Jacks.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Paramount_Pictures.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Paramount_Vantage.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Pathé.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink RCA.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink RCA_Photophone.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink RKO_Pictures.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Rank_Organisation.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Return_of_the_Jedi.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Samuel_Goldwyn.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Screen_Gems.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Shaw_Brothers_Studio.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Shirley_Temple.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Shochiku.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Sony.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Sound_film.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Star_Wars_(film).
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Stock.
- Studio_system wikiPageWikiLink Talent_agent.