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- Sam_Ruben abstract "Samuel Ruben (born Charles Rubenstein, November 5, 1913 – September 28, 1943), the son of Herschel and Frieda Penn Rubenstein – the name was officially shortened to Ruben in 1930. Young Sam developed a friendship with neighbor Jack Dempsey and became involved with a local boys' boxing club and later, when the family moved across the Bay to Berkeley, he was a successful basketball player at Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California). After achieving his B.S. in Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, he continued his studies there and was awarded a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in May 1938. He was immediately appointed Instructor in the Chemistry Department, and became an Assistant Professor in 1941.Sam and colleague Martin Kamen, a University of Chicago Ph.D. and researcher in chemistry and nuclear physics working under Ernest O. Lawrence at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, set out to elucidate the path of carbon in photosynthesis by incorporating the short-lived radioactive isotope Carbon-11 (11CO2) in their many experiments between 1938 and 1942. Aided by the concepts and collaboration of C. B. van Niel, at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station, it became clear to them that reduction of CO2 can occur in the dark and may involve processes similar to bacterial systems. This interpretation challenged the century-old Adolf von Baeyer theory of photochemical reduction of CO2 adsorbed on chlorophyll which had guided decades of effort by Richard Willstätter, Arthur Stoll, and many others in vain searches for formaldehyde.In hundreds of experiments with Carbon-11 produced from deuterons and Boron-10 by Martin Kamen in the Radiation Laboratory’s 37-inch cyclotron, Ruben and Kamen, with collaborators from botany, microbiology, physiology and organic chemistry, pursued the path of carbon dioxide in plants, algae, and bacteria. Their results, confused by absorption of the products on proteinaceous residues, initially failed to reveal the path of carbon in photosynthesis but succeeded in exciting the interest of scientists worldwide in the search and revelation of metabolic processes, beginning a revolution in biochemistry and medicine.Ruben’s experiments using 'heavy water', H218O, to yield 18O2 gas had shown that the oxygen gas produced in photosynthesis comes from water. With nuclear physicists' tenuous prediction of a \"long lived radioactive carbon isotope,” Ruben and Kamen pursued several routes that could lead to identification of the Carbon-14 isotope. After several failed attempts, Martin Kamen collected the results of a 120-hour cyclotron bombardment of graphite and trudged in the rain with it to the “Rat House,” adjacent both to the Chemistry Department and to the cyclotron, and Sam Ruben's desk. At 8 AM, February 27, 1940, Sam Ruben demonstrated unequivocally the radioactivity was from Carbon-14.The weak energy of Carbon-14 made measurement tedious. So tedious that no tracer experiments with C-14 were done until 1942 when Sam Ruben gave all his barium carbonate-14C to young Chemistry Department faculty member Andrew Benson who began his long series of 14CO2 fixation experiments to determine the path of carbon in photosynthesis. Only in 1949 did chemist Willard Libby use it to invent radiocarbon dating.Ruben's recruitment for research in the World War II wartime effort led him to interest in the mechanism of phosgene as a poisonous gas. With C-11 phosgene (11COCl2) prepared by Benson, they studied the combination of phosgene with lung proteins. Following Benson's departure from Berkeley in July 1943, Ruben died September 28, 1943 after a disastrous exposure to phosgene in a laboratory accident the preceding day. Sam Ruben married Helena Collins West, a fellow chemistry student, during his final semester as an undergraduate at UC Berkeley, on September 28, 1935. They had three children, Dana West Ruben (born November 11, 1938), George Collins Ruben (born April 29, 1941), who became a professor at Dartmouth College, and Connie Mae Ruben Fatt (born June 18, 1943).".
- Sam_Ruben academicAdvisor Ernest_Lawrence.
- Sam_Ruben almaMater University_of_California,_Berkeley.
- Sam_Ruben birthDate "1913-11-05".
- Sam_Ruben birthPlace California.
- Sam_Ruben birthPlace San_Francisco.
- Sam_Ruben deathDate "1943-09-28".
- Sam_Ruben field Biochemistry.
- Sam_Ruben field Physical_chemistry.
- Sam_Ruben nationality United_States.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageID "481606".
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageLength "6777".
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageOutDegree "51".
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageRevisionID "707293169".
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Adolf_von_Baeyer.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Andrew_Benson.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Arthur_Stoll.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Berkeley,_California.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Berkeley_High_School_(California).
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Biochemistry.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Botany.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink C._B._van_Niel.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink California.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Carbon-14.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Category:1913_births.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Category:1943_deaths.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Category:American_biochemists.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Category:American_physical_chemists.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Category:Berkeley_High_School_(Berkeley,_California)_alumni.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Category:University_of_California,_Berkeley_alumni.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Category:University_of_California,_Berkeley_faculty.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Chemistry.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Chlorophyll.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Cyclotron.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Dartmouth_College.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Deuterium.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Ernest_Lawrence.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Formaldehyde.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Hopkins_Marine_Station.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_carbon.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Jack_Dempsey.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Martin_Kamen.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Microbiology.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_physics.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Organic_chemistry.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Phosgene.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Photosynthesis.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Physical_chemistry.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Physiology.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Radiocarbon_dating.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Richard_Willstätter.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink San_Francisco.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Stanford_University.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink United_States.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink University_of_California,_Berkeley.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink University_of_Chicago.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLink Willard_Libby.
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLinkText "Sam Ruben".
- Sam_Ruben wikiPageWikiLinkText "Samuel Ruben".
- Sam_Ruben academicAdvisors Ernest_Lawrence.
- Sam_Ruben almaMater University_of_California,_Berkeley.
- Sam_Ruben birthDate "1913-11-05".
- Sam_Ruben birthPlace California.
- Sam_Ruben birthPlace San_Francisco.
- Sam_Ruben deathDate "1943-09-28".
- Sam_Ruben fields Biochemistry.
- Sam_Ruben fields Physical_chemistry.
- Sam_Ruben name "Sam Ruben".
- Sam_Ruben nationality United_States.
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- Sam_Ruben wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:No_footnotes.
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- Sam_Ruben subject Category:1913_births.
- Sam_Ruben subject Category:1943_deaths.
- Sam_Ruben subject Category:American_biochemists.
- Sam_Ruben subject Category:American_physical_chemists.
- Sam_Ruben subject Category:Berkeley_High_School_(Berkeley,_California)_alumni.
- Sam_Ruben subject Category:University_of_California,_Berkeley_alumni.
- Sam_Ruben subject Category:University_of_California,_Berkeley_faculty.
- Sam_Ruben hypernym Chemist.
- Sam_Ruben type Agent.
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