Matches in DBpedia 2016-04 for { <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Prenatal_cocaine_exposure> ?p ?o }
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure abstract "Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) occurs when a pregnant woman uses cocaine and thereby exposes her fetus to the drug. \"Crack baby\" was a term coined to describe children who were exposed to crack (freebase cocaine in smokable form) as fetuses; the concept of the crack baby emerged in the US during the 1980s and 1990s in the midst of a crack epidemic. Other terms are \"cocaine baby\" and \"crack kid\". Early studies reported that people who had been exposed to crack in utero would be severely emotionally, mentally, and physically disabled; this belief became common in the scientific and lay communities. Fears were widespread that a generation of crack babies were going to put severe strain on society and social services as they grew up. Later studies failed to substantiate the findings of earlier ones that PCE has severe disabling consequences; these earlier studies had been methodologically flawed (e.g. with small sample sizes and confounding factors). Scientists have come to understand that the findings of the early studies were vastly overstated and that most people who were exposed to cocaine in utero do not have disabilities.No specific disorders or conditions have been found to result for people whose mothers used cocaine while pregnant. Studies focusing on children of six years and younger have not shown any direct, long-term effects of PCE on language, growth, or development as measured by test scores. PCE also appears to have little effect on infant growth.However, PCE is associated with premature birth, birth defects, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other conditions. The effects of cocaine on a fetus are thought to be similar to those of tobacco and less severe than those of alcohol. No scientific evidence has shown a difference in harm to a fetus between crack and powder cocaine.PCE is very difficult to study because it very rarely occurs in isolation: usually it coexists with a variety of other factors, which may confound a study's results. Thus, studies have failed to clearly show that PCE has negative cognitive effects, partly because such effects may be due to concurrent factors. Pregnant mothers who use cocaine often use other drugs in addition, or they may be malnourished and lacking in medical care. Children in households where cocaine is abused are at risk of violence and neglect, and those in foster care may experience problems due to unstable family situations. Factors such as poverty that are frequently associated with PCE have a much stronger influence on children's intellectual and academic abilities than does exposure to cocaine in isolation. Thus researchers have had difficulty in determining which effects result from PCE and which result from other factors in the children's histories.".
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure thumbnail Publicizing_Dangers_of_Crack_Cocaine_(078)_(7395870920).jpg?width=300.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageExternalLink 2011-09282-000.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageExternalLink crack-babies-a-tale-from-the-drug-wars.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageExternalLink MR1347.html.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageID "28332061".
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageLength "54058".
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageOutDegree "157".
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageRevisionID "707495255".
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Alcoholic_beverage.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Amniotic_fluid.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Aorta.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Apgar_score.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Arousal.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Assault.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Atrophy.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Attention.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Barbiturate.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Bipolar_disorder.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Birth_control.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Birth_weight.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Blood_pressure.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Boston_University.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Breast_milk.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Cannabis_(drug).
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Category:Cocaine.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Category:Congenital_malformation_due_to_exogenous_toxicity.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Category:Health_issues_in_pregnancy.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Central_nervous_system.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Cerebral_cortex.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Cerebral_hemorrhage.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Charles_Krauthammer.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_synapse.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Child_abuse.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Child_neglect.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Circulatory_system.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Cocaine.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Cocaine_in_the_United_States.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Congenital_disorder.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Crack_cocaine.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Crack_epidemic.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Craniosynostosis.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Cyst.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Deadbeat_parent.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Developmental_disability.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Disability.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Domestic_violence.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Dopamine.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Dopamine_receptor.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Drug.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Drug_withdrawal.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Eugenics.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Euphoria.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink False_positives_and_false_negatives.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Fetus.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Free_base.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Gastrointestinal_tract.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Gene.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Genitourinary_system.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Gestation.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink HIV.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Heart_failure.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Hepatitis.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Heroin.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Human_digestive_system.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Human_musculoskeletal_system.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Human_skull.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Hydrocephalus.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Hypertonia.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Hypoxia_(medical).
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink In_utero.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Infarction.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Intelligence_quotient.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Intraventricular_hemorrhage.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink John_Silber.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Limbic_system.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Low_birth_weight.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Magnetic_resonance_imaging.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Major_depressive_disorder.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Malnutrition.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Manslaughter.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Meconium.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Metabolite.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Microcephaly.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Miscarriage.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Monoamine_neurotransmitter.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Monoaminergic.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Muscle_tone.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Neonatal_withdrawal.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Neurochemistry.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Neuroendocrinology.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Neuroimaging.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Neurology.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Neurotransmitter.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Nicotine.
- Prenatal_cocaine_exposure wikiPageWikiLink Norepinephrine.