Matches in DBpedia 2016-04 for { <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pain_in_crustaceans> ?p ?o }
- Pain_in_crustaceans abstract "Pain in crustaceans is a contentious issue. Pain is a complex mental state, with a distinct perceptual quality but also associated with suffering, which is an emotional state. Because of this complexity, the presence of pain in an animal, or another human for that matter, cannot be determined unambiguously using observational methods, but the conclusion that animals experience pain is often inferred on the basis of likely presence of phenomenal consciousness which is deduced from comparative brain physiology as well as physical and behavioural reactions.Most definitions of pain involve the two key components of nociception and suffering. Nociception is an ability to detect noxious stimuli which evokes a reflex response that moves the entire animal, or the affected part of the body, away from the source of the stimulus. The concept of nociception does not imply any adverse, subjective feeling - it is a simple reflex action, not processed by the brain. Suffering is the subjective experience of the pain; the internal, emotional interpretation of the nociceptive experience and is therefore a private, emotional experience. Whilst a nociceptive reflex quickly removes an animal from a potentially damaging stimulus, this will not prevent the animal from repeatedly exposing itself to this risk. Pain involves learning, which has the adaptive function of lowering the probability of the animal repeatedly exposing itself to potential injury. Suffering cannot be directly measured in other animals, including other humans. Responses to putatively painful stimuli can be measured, but not the experience itself. To address this problem when assessing the capacity of other species to experience pain, argument by analogy is sometimes used. Another approach is to construct a list of criteria and assess whether the animal fulfills these.Crustaceans fulfill several criteria proposed as indicating that non-human animals may experience pain. These fulfilled criteria include a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors, opioid receptors and reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics, physiological changes to noxious stimuli, displaying protective motor reactions, exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements.In vertebrates, endogenous opioids are neurochemicals that moderate pain by interacting with opioid receptors. Opioid peptides and opioid receptors occur naturally in crustaceans, and although it was concluded in 2005 \"...at present no certain conclusion can be drawn\", more recent considerations suggest their presence along with related physiological and behavioural responses as indicating that crustaceans may experience pain. Opioids may moderate pain in crustaceans in a similar way to that in vertebrates.If crustaceans feel pain, there are ethical and animal welfare implications including the consequences of exposure to pollutants, and practices involving commercial and recreational fishing, aquaculture, food preparation and for crustaceans used in scientific research.".
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- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageExternalLink Crayfishcirc.html.
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- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Acclimatization.
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- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Acid.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Affect_(psychology).
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink American_lobster.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Amniote.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Ampere.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Analgesic.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Anatomical_terms_of_location.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Animal_Liberation_(book).
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Animal_cognition.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Animal_consciousness.
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- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Axon.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Base_(chemistry).
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Benzocaine.
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- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Bird.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Brain.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Buoyancy.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Caenorhabditis_elegans.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink California_sea_hare.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Capsaicin.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Carcinus_maenas.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Caridoid_escape_reaction.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Carprofen.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Category:Animal_welfare.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Category:Crustaceans.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Category:Pain.
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- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Cephalopod.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Cerebral_cortex.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Cerebral_ganglion.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Chela_(organ).
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Class_(biology).
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Cognition.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Cognitive_bias_in_animals.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Commercial_fishing.
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- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Crayfish.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Crustacean.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Crustastun.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink David_Foster_Wallace.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Decapod_anatomy.
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- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Declawing_of_crabs.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Drosophila_melanogaster.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Elevated_plus_maze.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Emotion_in_animals.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Endogeny_(biology).
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Enkephalin.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink European_Food_Safety_Authority.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Evolutionary_pressure.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Eyestalk.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Eyestalk_ablation.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Formaldehyde.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Ganglion.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Gourmet_(magazine).
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Grove_snail.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Hemigrapsus_sanguineus.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Hemolymph.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Hermit_crab.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Hirudo_medicinalis.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Homology_(biology).
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Human.
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- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Isothiocyanate.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Jeremy_Bentham.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Leu-enkephalin.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Lidocaine.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Lipopolysaccharide.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Litopenaeus_setiferus.
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- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Local_anesthetic.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Macrobrachium_americanum.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Manduca_sexta.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Met-enkephalin.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world.
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- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Naloxone.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Neocortex.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Neohelice.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Nervous_system.
- Pain_in_crustaceans wikiPageWikiLink Neural_substrate.