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- Operation_Freshman abstract "Operation Freshman was the codename given to a British airborne operation conducted in November 1942 during World War II. It was the first British airborne operation conducted using gliders, and its target was the Vemork Norsk Hydro chemical plant in Telemark county, Norway which produced heavy water for Nazi Germany. By 1942 the German atomic weapons programme had come close to being able to develop a nuclear reactor, but in order for the reactor to function it would require a great deal of heavy water. The source of the heavy water was the Norsk Hydro plant, which had been occupied in 1940; when the British government learned of the German nuclear developments, it was decided that a raid would be launched to destroy the plant and deny the Germans the heavy water required to develop a nuclear weapon. Several tactics were discussed and discarded as impractical, and it was finally decided that a small airborne force composed of sappers from the Royal Engineer units attached to 1st Airborne Division would land by glider a short distance from the plant, demolish it with explosives and then escape over the Norwegian border into Sweden.After a period of extensive training, the airborne force took off in two aircraft–glider combinations on the night of 19 November 1942. Both managed to reach the Norwegian coast, but neither was able to reach their objective. The first pair suffered from navigational difficulties and severe weather, which resulted in the tow rope snapping and the first glider crash–landing, with its towing aircraft returning to base; eight airborne troops were killed outright, four were severely injured and five unhurt, with the survivors captured shortly after the crash. The second pair fared even worse, with both aircraft and glider crashing into a mountain for unknown reasons; the aircrew and a number of airborne troops were killed outright, and those who survived were taken prisoner. None survived for very long, either being poisoned or executed as a result of Adolf Hitler's Commando Order, which stated all Commando personnel were to be immediately executed upon capture. At the end of the war, a number of Wehrmacht personnel were tried and condemned to death for their part in the executions.".
- Operation_Freshman thumbnail Vemork_Hydroelectric_Plant_1935.jpg?width=300.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageID "888328".
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageLength "33145".
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageOutDegree "130".
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageRevisionID "691693156".
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink 1st_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom).
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink 1st_Parachute_Brigade_(United_Kingdom).
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink 21st_Army_(Wehrmacht).
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink 9_Parachute_Squadron_RE.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Adolf_Hitler.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Airborne_forces.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Airspeed_Horsa.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Arne_Kjelstrup.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Bjerkreim.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink British_Commandos.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Category:Airborne_operations_of_World_War_II.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Category:Conflicts_in_1942.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Category:Glider_Pilot_Regiment_operations.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Category:Military_history_of_Norway_during_World_War_II.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Category:Military_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Germany.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Category:Norwegian_resistance_movement.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Category:Nuclear_program_of_Nazi_Germany.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Category:Sabotage.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Category:World_War_II_British_Commando_raids.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Category:World_War_II_aerial_operations_and_battles_of_the_Western_European_Theatre.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_plant.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Claus_Helberg.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Combined_Operations_Headquarters.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Commando_Order.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Consolidated_PBY_Catalina.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Counties_of_Norway.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Egersund.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Eiganes.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Einar_Skinnarland.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink File:VemorkHydroelectricPlant.jpg.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Fjarifet.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Fort_William,_Highland.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Frédéric_Joliot-Curie.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Fyljesdal.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Gaustatoppen.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Generaloberst.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Geneva_Conventions.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink German_Army_(Wehrmacht).
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink German_nuclear_weapon_project.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Gestapo.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Grini_detention_camp.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Guerrilla_warfare.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Handley_Page_Halifax.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Hardangervidda.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Hawser.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Heavy_bomber.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Heavy_water.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Helleland.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Irène_Joliot-Curie.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Jens-Anton_Poulsson.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Knut_Haugland.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Lysefjord.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink MI9.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Military_glider.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Møsvatn.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Nature_(journal).
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Nazi_Germany.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Neutron_moderator.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Nikolaus_von_Falkenhorst.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Non-commissioned_officer.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Norsk_Hydro.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink North_Sea.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Norway.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Norwegian_Labour_Service.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_fission.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_reactor.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Operation_Biting.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Operation_Doomsday.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Operation_Market_Garden.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Operation_Varsity.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Port_Sunlight.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Prisoner_of_war.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Radio.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Eureka_transponding_radar.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Rjukan.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Royal_Air_Force.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Royal_Engineers.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Royal_Navy.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Sabotage.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Sapper.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Scientific_journal.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Soviet_Union.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Special_Operations_Executive.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Sweden.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Sweden_during_World_War_II.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Telemark.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Transponder.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Uranium.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Vemork.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Vestre_gravlund.
- Operation_Freshman wikiPageWikiLink Waffen-SS.